Showing posts with label atheism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label atheism. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 5, 2013

Atheism and intelligence

(Difference between revisions)== Atheism, intelligence and the state of global atheism ==== Atheism, intelligence and the state of global atheism ==Another irony of the assertion that intelligence is a causal factor for atheism is that [[global atheism]] is in decline in adherents and [[Militant atheism|militant atheists]] have no plan in place to reverse or slow this trend.[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/07/evolutionists-atheists-and-agnostics.html Evolutionists, atheists and agnostics: Where is your master plan to reverse your decline?]  A global trend that is expected to affect Western atheism due to an influx of religious immigrants and the higher rate birth rate of religious conservatives.[http://www.sneps.net/RD/uploads/1-Shall%20the%20Religious%20Inherit%20the%20Earth.pdf Early paper - Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London]Another irony of the assertion that intelligence is a causal factor for atheism is that [[global atheism]] is in decline in adherents and [[Militant atheism|militant atheists]] in the [[Western World]] have no plan in place to reverse or slow this trend.[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/07/evolutionists-atheists-and-agnostics.html Evolutionists, atheists and agnostics: Where is your master plan to reverse your decline?]  A global trend that is expected to affect Western atheism due to an influx of religious immigrants and the higher rate birth rate of religious conservatives.[http://www.sneps.net/RD/uploads/1-Shall%20the%20Religious%20Inherit%20the%20Earth.pdf Early paper - Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London]

One the memes that is prevalent among the atheist community is that atheism is the result of higher intelligence (see: Causes of atheism). This meme is especially prevalent in the New Atheist community.[2] However, there is a wealth of information that dispels this notion.[3]

An irony of this errant notion is that a study found an inverse correlation between education and atheism (see: Atheism and education). In addition, atheists and secularists rarely point out that universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Oxford, Cambridge, and many others were founded by Christians.[4][5] Also, the scientific revolution was birthed in a Christianized Europe (see: Christianity and science). Furthermore, the idea that atheism is the result of superior intelligence is an illogical attempt to justify atheism and is a genetic fallacy.

Below are some articles and essays on the issue of atheism and intelligence:

Another irony of the assertion that intelligence is a causal factor for atheism is that global atheism is in decline in adherents and militant atheists in the Western World have no plan in place to reverse or slow this trend.[6] A global trend that is expected to affect Western atheism due to an influx of religious immigrants and the higher rate birth rate of religious conservatives.[7]

Other articles:


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Tuesday, October 22, 2013

Atheism and bestiality

(Difference between revisions)According to the CUNY 2000 religious survey, [[Washington]] was declared to have the second highest [[per capita]] number of people in the United States who answered "no religion" on a survey.http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf 27% of the Washington state population declared they had "no religion".http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf  In addition, in 2007 the pro-evolution magazine the ''[[Scientific American]]'' said that Washington state did a "satisfactory/good" job of teaching evolution (see: [[Evolutionary belief and bestiality]])[http://bigthink.com/ideas/21147 Teaching of evolution by state - map]According to the CUNY 2000 religious survey, [[Washington]] was declared to have the second highest [[per capita]] number of people in the United States who answered "no religion" on a survey.http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf 27% of the Washington state population declared they had "no religion".http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf  In addition, in 2007 the pro-evolution magazine the ''[[Scientific American]]'' said that Washington state did a "satisfactory/good" job of teaching evolution (see: [[Evolutionary belief and bestiality]])[http://bigthink.com/ideas/21147 Teaching of evolution by state - map]On January 25, 2011, the ''Seattle Times'' published an article entitled ''Washington Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why'' which declared that "Washington is steeped in man-on-beast history".[http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/01/washington_state_is_worst_stat.php Washington Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why]On January 26, 2011, the ''Seattle Met'' published an article entitled ''Washington Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why'' which declared that "Washington is steeped in man-on-beast history".[http://www.seattlemet.com/news-and-profiles/publicola/articles/washington-state-is-no-1-in-bestiality Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why]In 2010, the state of Washington has the highest number of reported cases of bestiality in the United States even though it was merely the 13th most populous state according to the 2010 United States census.[http://www.pet-abuse.com/pages/cruelty_database/statistics/state_ranking.php?year=2010&search=go Pet Abuse -2010][http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 2010 United States Census data]In 2010, the state of Washington has the highest number of reported cases of bestiality in the United States even though it was merely the 13th most populous state according to the 2010 United States census.[http://www.pet-abuse.com/pages/cruelty_database/statistics/state_ranking.php?year=2010&search=go Pet Abuse -2010][http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 2010 United States Census data]The [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] and author Michael Caputo writes:The [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] and author Michael Caputo writes:{{cquote|Although bestiality is not openly supported by well known [[Militant atheism|Militant Atheist]] sites, support for it is inherent in their insistence that decisions of a sexual nature should be left up to the individual adults to determine. [[God]] disagrees.[http://atheismexposed.tripod.com/god_bible-bestiality.htm GOD, THE BIBLE AND BESTIALITY]}}{{cquote|Although bestiality is not openly supported by well known [[Militant atheism|Militant Atheist]] sites, support for it is inherent in their insistence that decisions of a sexual nature should be left up to the individual adults to determine. [[God]] disagrees.[http://atheismexposed.tripod.com/god_bible_bestiality.htm GOD, THE BIBLE AND BESTIALITY]}}For more information please see: [[Atheism and morality]]For more information please see: [[Atheism and morality]]

Bestiality is the act of engaging in sexual relations with an animal. The atheist philosopher Peter Singer defends the practice of bestiality (as well as abortion, infanticide and euthanasia). Despite holding these immoral views the liberal and pro-evolution academic establishment rewarded his views with a bioethics chair at Princeton University.[2] Peter Singer was installed as the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University in 1999 and in 2006 it was reported that he still worked part-time in that capacity.[3] In 2006, it was also reported that Singer worked part-time as Laureate Professor at the University of Melbourne in the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics since 2005.[4]

Joe Carter's First Things article entitled The Dangerous Mind declares concerning Peter Singer declared:

Singer has spent a lifetime justifying the unjustifiable. He is the founding father of the animal liberation movement and advocates ending “the present speciesist bias against taking seriously the interests of nonhuman animals.” He is also a defender of killing the aged (if they have dementia), newborns (for almost any reason until they are two years old), necrophilia (assuming it’s consensual), and bestiality (also assuming it’s consensual).[5]

The Bible says that bestiality is a perversion and, under the Old Testament Jewish Law, punishable by death (Exodus 22:19, Leviticus 18:23, Leviticus 20:15 and Deuteronomy 27:21). The atheistic worldview does not lend itself to the establishment of morality within society and individuals (see: Atheism and morality and Atheism and deception).

A study found that "Psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55%) of bestiality than the control groups (10% and 15% respectively)."[6] The atheist population has a higher suicide rate and lower marriage rates than the general population (see: Atheism and suicide and Atheism and marriageability and Atheism and health).

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See also: PZ Myers on bestiality

PZ Myers wrote about bestiality:

So, to answer clueless thick-skulled Christian idiot’s question, I don’t object to bestiality in a very limited set of specific conditions, but do not support it in any way[7][8]

A Christian commented on Myers's statement:

If you are sensing that there is something amiss with a person stating he neither supports nor opposes bestiality, then you are more perceptive with regard to moral reasoning than PZ Myers is. Myers once stated his morality is based on feelings of empathy. In an interview he stated, "If I punched you in the face, you would feel bad and I would feel bad ..and that's where morality comes from." Ironically, Myers offers a cartoon that mocks plaintive logic, that is, logic based on feelings, which is exactly the same basis of morality Myers appealed to in his interview.

When I sent Myers an email asking him to clarify what "specific conditions" would make bestiality morally acceptable in his opinion, he declined to address my email and my second article on the subject. There is really only one likely scenario in which it seems Myers would accept bestiality, also known as zoophilia, and that is if it is apparent that the animal is not being harmed and if it is demonstrating some kind of approval, enjoyment or "consent" in the act. The problem for Myers here is quite simple. If nothing must be held sacred, then why should bestiality be considered acceptable only under certain conditions and not always? Why should animal rights be an issue if animal rights are not sacred? These are logical contradictions he needs to address. What is happening here is that Myers is revealing in his quote that he does in fact believe that some boundaries must be held sacred.[7]

See also:' Skeptic Skatje Myers' comments on bestiality

Skeptic Skatje Myers, the daughter of evolutionist and atheist PZ Myers describes herself as "atheist, agnostic, rationalist, complicated vegetarian (sans dairy and eggs mostly, avec dumpster diving, by-products, and ethical sources), existential and moral nihilist, social democrat”.[9]

On January 2, 2008 Christian apologist Vox Day wrote in an article entitled Atheist Dad of the Year:

If I were ever to have attacked atheism by arguing that on the rare occasions when atheists manage to successfully reproduce, their children would likely grow up possessing beliefs that are utterly immoral by Western moral norms and abhorrent to the average individual, many people would howl that I was unfairly engaging in baseless conjecture, regardless of the logic presented.

So, it's more than a little amusing to see PZ Myers angrily defending his daughter's public argument against anti-bestiality laws. Now, it's certainly the girl's right to advocate on behalf of whatever legal cause she feels is important to her, but this particular choice of subject really doesn't provide the most convincing evidence against the oft-repeated charge that atheists are hopelessly immoral. And if there's nothing rationally objectionable about the practice, then from whence comes this defensive paternal outrage?

The ironic truth is that Miss Myers is absolutely correct; once the basic concept of Natural Law is abandoned, there is no rational basis for banning anything from necrophilia to cannibalism other than a vague sense of "ickiness" inherited from preceding generations possessed of a more conventional morality.[10]

Skatje Myers, the daughter of atheist PZ Myers, wrote:

Sexual relationships between humans and animals come as such a shock to people, but it doesn’t to me. There can be very deep, meaningful relationships between humans and their pets...

That said, I remind you that my position isn’t based on my own personal wants. I just don’t see any reason to ban it other than the same reason things like homosexuality and sodomy were banned: it’s icky. I think it’s bad practice to put social taboos into legislature when no actual logical argument can be made against it.[11][12]

On August 18, 2011, Skatje Myers wrote:

I’m a moral nihilist. I have no reason to believe that morality is anything other than preferences.

I have those preferences, of course — essentially it’s just intuitional leanings. Any need or desire to follow those leanings is purely for my own enjoyment. I decide what is right and wrong based on what I feel is right and wrong, and I follow them only because of a self-created obligation to myself. I demand that others follow the same “rules” I have for myself, because I want them to. It makes the world the way I want it to be.

The way I see it, every other system of morality is based on unjustifiable claims too, so why follow someone else’s invented ideas of right and wrong?[13]

See also: Bestiality and Britain and Christopher Hitchens on bestiality

Christopher Hitchens is one of the principal leaders of the New Atheism movement. At the end of the Christian apologist Dr. William Lane Craig vs. atheist Christopher Hitchens debate there was an audience question and answer period.VIDEO The first audience member to ask a question twice asked Christopher Hitchens to label bestiality as an immoral act, but he refused to do so.[15] Dr. Craig said the question posed to Hitchens was a good one and it helped illustrate that atheism cannot offer objective moral standards (see: Atheism and morality).[16]

On August 12, 2012, an article entitled Atheism: A religion of degenerates declared:

Christopher Hitchens, who was an atheist and a drunkard, was arguably the most popular atheists in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century as well. At the end of his debate with Christian apologists William Lance Craig, there was an audience question and answer period. During this question and answer period, twice Hitchens was asked to condemn bestiality, but he refused to do it each time he was asked.

The Bible teaches that bestiality is a perversion and, under the Old Testament Jewish Law, punishable by death (Exodus 22:19, Leviticus 18:23, Leviticus 20:15 and Deuteronomy 27:21). I feel sorry for all the sheep, little dogs and horses who have been raped by depraved atheists because prominent atheists have refused to condemn bestiality. Atheism has no basis for objective morality so it is not surprising that atheist degenerates refuse to condemn bestiality.[17]

See also: Wikipedia on bestiality and liberal and Leftist roots of Wikipedia and Atheism and morality

The Wikipedia project was initiated by atheist Jimmy Wales and the agnostic philosophy professor Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001.[18] An irony of internet history is that Jimmy Wales, despite being an atheist, refers to himself as Wikipedia's "spiritual leader".[19] Despite its official "neutrality policy," Wikipedia has a strong liberal bias.

As of September 22, 2011, Wikipedia's article on zoophilia/bestiality has an entire section on "arguments for zoophilia" plus pictures depicting zoophilia as well as a section on "arguments against zoophilia". No worthwhile encyclopedia in existence has an article on zoophilia/bestiality with an entire section on "arguments for zoophilia" plus pictures depicting zoophilia. In addition, as of September 24, 2011, Wikipedia has a "Zoophilia and the law" article which has a section on the impact of zoophilia laws where 6 alleged negative impacts of zoophilia laws are given, but no positive impacts of the laws are given.

See also: Evolutionary belief and bestiality

See also: Theory of Evolution and Cases of Fraud, Hoaxes and Speculation

Since World War II a majority of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the evolutionary position which employs methodological naturalism have been atheists.[21]

The pro-evolution magazine the Scientific American speciously made this unwarranted speculation via their blog:

After all, we are animals....

In any event, philosophical questions aside, I simply find it astounding — and incredibly fascinating from an evolutionary perspective — that so many people (as much as a full percent of the general population) are certifiable zoophiles. And scientific researchers appear to be slowly conceding that zoophilia may be a genuine human sexual orientation.[22]

Concerning the aberrant practice of homosexuality, the licentious liberal community has more favorable views on homosexuality than conservatives plus has a history of inflating the number of people who are homosexuals.[23] In addition, liberals are more likely to believe in evolutionary pseudoscience. Thus, it is not surprising the Scientific American engaged in the above cited speculation. As far as the causes of homosexuality, the liberal community commonly ignores the existence of ex-homosexuals and errantly asserts that homosexuality is an immutable sexual orientation despite the fact that researchers have found cultures where homosexuality does not exist.[24] Therefore, it is not surprising that an evolutionist declares that bestiality/zoophilia maybe a "genuine human sexual orientation".

Dr. Whitehead and Briar Whitehead wrote: "If homosexuality were significantly influenced by genes, it would appear in every culture, but in twenty-nine of seventy-nine cultures surveyed by Ford and Beach in 1952, homosexuality was rare or absent.[25] In addition, the evolutionary paradigm has had numerous frauds and continues to suffer from a lack of evidence. For example, in 1981, evolutionist Mark Ridley, who currently serves as a professor of zoology at Oxford University, was forced to confess: "In any case, no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation."[26] Paleontologist Simon Morris wrote: "When discussing organic evolution the only point of agreement seems to be: "It happened." Thereafter, there is little consensus, which at first sight must seem rather odd." [27]

See also: Denmark, Sweden, evolutionary belief and bestiality and Evolutionary belief and bestiality

Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[30] In addition, Denmark is the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[31]

A 2006 article entitled Animal bordellos draw Norweigans the Norway news website Aftenposten reported:

Neither Denmark nor Norway has a prohibition on sex with animals, as long as the animals do not suffer.

On the internet Danish animal owners advertise openly that they offer sex with animals, without intervention from police or other authorities, Danish newspaper 24timer reports.[32]

Sweden has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations. [33] In recent years Sweden appears to have faced a growing problem with bestiality.[34][35] [36] (see: Evolutionary belief and bestiality and Bestiality and Sweden). Sweden is the most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 46 - 85% of Swedes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[37]

See also: Bestiality and Britain and Britain and morality

In 2011, in an article entitled Godless Britain Shmuley Boteach reported in the Wall Street Journal:

Britain today has become one of the most godless societies on earth. Its principle religious exports today are thinkers who despise religion. From Richard Dawkins, who has compared religion to child abuse, to my friend Christopher Hitchens, who titled his 2007 book "God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything," the British have cornered the market on being anti-God, at least the Christian and Jewish varieties.

While 92% of Americans believe in God, only 35% in Britain do and 43% say they have no religion, according to Britain's National Centre for Social Research. The number of people who affiliate themselves with the Church of England was 23% of the population in 2009 from 40% in 1983. In truth though, if Britain's Christian tradition is dying out, the leaders of the faith have only themselves to blame, for perpetuating the country's highly centralized religious structure.[39]

On April 26, 2001, in an article entitled Swedes have more and more animal sex the Swedish news website Nettavision reported:

No one knows for sure how many animals that are abused, but a British study from 2001 indicates that every 20th dog or cat that receives treatment at veterinaries, the injuries are not a result of a direct accident, but the animal has been inflicted the injury as a result of a sexual assault.[40]

See also:

See also: Bestiality and Britain

On May 26, 2005, LifeSiteNews reported:

Richard Hooper, deputy chairman of Ofcom (the UK’s TV and radio regulating body), has indicated that the long-anticipated new broadcasting code makes no definite provisions against the broadcasting of so-called ‘challenging material’ on public air-waves, including shows which deal with sex with animals, so long as it is in the proper ‘context’.

“A programme about sex with animals? Yes, it’s potentially possible,” said Ofcom deputy chairman, Richard Hooper. “It all comes down to context.” Mr. Hooper may have been thinking of a channel 4 documentary on bestiality, Animal Passions, which was aired last year. According to a Media Guardian article that particular documentary received seventy-five complaints at the time, from viewers who were concerned that it “normalized bestiality”.

Mr. Hooper’s statement serves to confirm what pro-family activists have long prophesied. That is, this new age of sexual libertarianism, which, amongst other things, allows for and normalizes homosexuality, will quickly become an age of ‘no-holds-barred’ in regards to sexual deviation unless a return to a proper understanding of sexuality is initiated.[42]

In August of 2010, it was reported by that there was sharp increase in sexually transmitted infections in United Kingdom with almost half a million new cases last year.[43]

In August of 2011 the British newspaper the Daily Mail ran a story entitled The explicit art that shows bestiality with a goat just yards from The Ritz which declared:

An exclusive art gallery has been criticised for displaying a highly offensive painting just yards from The Ritz hotel and where it could be seen by children.

Hotel guests were said to have been disgusted after seeing the image by the late British artist Robert Lenkiewicz – which depicts bestiality with a goat.

It was displayed on a revolving plinth in the front window of the Clarendon Fine Art gallery, around the corner from the five-star hotel in Piccadilly.

The picture – which is owned by a private collector and is expected to sell for around £30,000 – was still on display yesterday, although last night the gallery said it had been removed. [45]

Between 1983 and 1993 more than 160 horses sexually mutilated and stabbed in Britain.[46] British police and animal experts have put the blame on fertility cults, rival horse owners and sadists for the attacks.[47]

See also: Atheism and sadism

See also: Bestiality and Sweden and Evolutionary belief and bestiality and Sexual immorality and Sweden

As noted above, Sweden is the most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 46 - 85% of Swedes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[51] As noted above, Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations (see: Evolutionary belief and bestiality).[52]

In 2005, LifeSiteNews reported in an article entitled Bestiality on the Rise in Sexually Libertine Sweden:

Sweden, known the world over for its avant garde sexual mores has crossed yet another barrier in its moral descent with the news that sexual abuse of animals is on the increase. A government commissioned study has found that more than 200 animals, mostly horses, have been sexually abused in Sweden since the 1970s.

The Swedish Animal Welfare Agency collected its information based on responses received from 1,600 questionnaires sent to veterinarians, animal welfare inspectors and police agencies across the country. In the period 2000 to 2004, 119 cases of bestiality were documented, compared to just three known cases in the 1970s, 17 in the 1980s and 70 in the 1990s.

The author of the report indicated that the numbers may not correctly reflect the real problem. Katarina Andersson, said that the rise in documented cases did not necessarily mean that there was a de facto increase.

“We know that there must be cases that have not been documented,” she said, adding that people have also become more aware of the problem in recent years and are therefore more likely to report suspected cases to the authorities.[53]

On April 26, 2001, in an article entitled Swedes have more and more animal sex the Swedish news website Nettavision reported:

Animal sex is not illegal in Sweden, and every year between 200 and 300 pets are injured because of sexual assaults.

The estimate was presented by Svenska Veterinärforbundet, the Swedish veterinary organization, and it is now trying to make the authorities and the public more aware of animals’ suffering. The organization claim the problem has increased during the last couple of years, even if most people are unaware of it.

“We have seen an increase since 1999 when child pornography became illegal,” said Johan Beck-Friis. “It appears, in other words, as there are some people who have replaced children with animals. In both circumstances, it is sex with defenceless individuals.”[54]

See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

On November 11, 2008, the Swedish news website The Local reported:

A Swedish newspaper has exposed a network of self-proclaimed zoophiles who meet regularly in locations around the country to have sex with animals.

The group, consisting of an estimated thirty people, is headed by a 45-year-old father of two, Expressen reports.

The unmarried former managing director is also moderator of a large internet animal sex forum and has a number of dogs and horses on his farm in southern Sweden.

Having infiltrated the network over a period of several months, Expressen eventually confronted the 45-year-old over his alleged mistreatment of animals.[55]

See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

On May 5, 2011 the Swedish news website The Local reported in an article entitled Swedish women hit harder by STD rise:

Gonorrhoea and syphilis are making a comeback in Sweden, with the number of reported cases among young women soaring by nearly 60 percent in 2010.

According to new statistics from the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet), there was a 38 percent rise in reported cases of the two diseases among Swedes in general.

Worst hit, however, are young women between 15 and 24, where the number of cases increased by 57 percent.[57]

See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

In November 0f 2008, the UK newspaper The Times reported:

Sweden, one of the world's most sexually tolerant societies, is in the throes of a strange, emotionally charged debate about the last taboo: bestiality.

The unmasking this week of an animal sex network by the Stockholm newspaper Expressen has again highlighted the issue. Members of parliament are urging a tightening of the laws (bestiality was decriminalised along with homosexuality in 1944) but the government is resisting the pressure...

Sweden has had a pioneering approach towards sex, at least since the 1960s when critically acclaimed films such as I am Curious Yellow depicted the society's free-wheeling attitudes. The country was one of the first to shed the stigma of single motherhood and, while Swedes talk less about sexual matters nowadays than 30 years ago, they are still pushing back the boundaries... Legal limits are set mainly on the commercial exploitation of sex: thus, while prostitution is technically legal, customers are seen as offenders who exploit and abuse women. Cameras have been set up near the entrances of brothels and clients leaving the premises can be fined on the spot.

But bestiality and the whole seedy sub-culture surrounding it is straining Swedish tolerance to bursting point. Religious Swedes say it violates a fundamental taboo: a passage from Leviticus 18 states: “And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." In the Middle Ages, men were typically burned to death for having sex with animals. Most countries nowadays either outlaw the practice entirely (most states in the US) or prosecute penetrative sex with animals (Britain). Sweden, though, has not taken a religion-based stance. Rather, it seems to accept the idea that sex with animals can be in some way consensual. If it causes injury to the animal it can be prosecuted, although in practice only two out of the 115 cases registered have ever been investigated.[58]

See also: Netherlands and bestiality and Evolutionary belief and bestiality

The Netherlands is the 13th most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 39 - 44%% of the Dutch are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[60] The Netherlands also has the 11th highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations (see: Evolutionary belief and bestiality).[61]

In February of 2010, the UK news website Metro reported:

Given the illicit nature of the product, precise figures on animal pornography video sales are difficult to find, but the Dutch newspaper Algemeen Dagblad, in a 2007 survey, found that distributors in the Netherlands were responsible for some 80 percent of bestiality videos worldwide.[62]

In 2010, the Netherlands banned bestiality.[63]

See also: Homosexuality and bestiality

Homosexual activist Frank Kameny is a fervent atheist.[64][65]

On Jun 04, 2008, LifeSiteNews wrote:

Long-time homosexual activist Frank Kameny’s claim to fame is successfully manipulating the American Psychiatric Association into declassifying homosexuality as a mental disorder, and today the Smithsonian honoree is now busily advocating bestiality "as long as the animal doesn’t mind."

Kameny, 83, has had a long career advocating the removal of any restrictions on human acts long considered by sane societies as obscene, dangerous, and disordered...

Kameny describes his mission as "Americanism in action" by advocating bestiality and encouraging the saturation of American culture with what he calls "more and better and harder-core pornography."

According to Americans for Truth about Homosexuality (AFTAH), Kameny wrote an e-mail to them saying that while he was personally opposed to bestiality, he found it an otherwise "harmless" quirk, so long as it was consensual with the animal involved.

"Bestiality is not my thing," Kameny wrote. "But it seems to be a harmless foible or idiosyncrasy of some people. So, as long as the animal doesn’t mind (and the animal rarely does), I don’t mind, and I don’t see why anyone else should."[66]

See also: Washington state and bestiality

According to the CUNY 2000 religious survey, Washington was declared to have the second highest per capita number of people in the United States who answered "no religion" on a survey.[67] 27% of the Washington state population declared they had "no religion".[68] In addition, in 2007 the pro-evolution magazine the Scientific American said that Washington state did a "satisfactory/good" job of teaching evolution (see: Evolutionary belief and bestiality)[69]

On January 26, 2011, the Seattle Met published an article entitled Washington Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why which declared that "Washington is steeped in man-on-beast history".[70]

In 2010, the state of Washington has the highest number of reported cases of bestiality in the United States even though it was merely the 13th most populous state according to the 2010 United States census.[71][72]

A 2011 study reported by CNN indicated that Washington state was a politically liberal state (see: Liberalism and bestiality).[73]

See also: Washington state and bestiality

In 2005, columnist Danny Westneat reported in the Seattle Times:

Which brings me back to sex with horses. The story last summer about the man who died from a perforated colon while having sex with a horse in Enumclaw was by far the year's most read article.

What's more, four more of the year's 20 most clicked-upon local news stories were about the same horse-sex incident. We don't publish our Web-traffic numbers, but take it from me — the total readership on these stories was huge.

So much so, a case can be made that the articles on horse sex are the most widely read material this paper has published in its 109-year history.

I don't know whether to ignore this alarming factoid or to embrace it.[74]

See also: Washington state and bestiality and Bestiality and Britain

On April 17, 2011, the Examiner ran a story entitled Bestiality farm raided in Washington state, Douglas Spink arrested which declared:

Douglas Spink, 39, had been arrested in 2005 for smuggling cocaine and was on supervised release after serving three years for his crime. Under the conditions of Douglas Spink’s release, he must adhere to all local, state, and federal laws for five years. Now authorities believe that Spink violated the terms of that release by providing animals for sex acts on an alleged bestiality farm. It has also been suggested that there is a mutual connection between Douglas Spink and Kenneth Pinyan. Pinyan was a Gig Harbor, Washington man who died after engaging in sexual acts with a horse. The case drew national attention and became known as the “Enumclaw horse sex case.”...

On Wednesday, April 14, 2010 authorities raided Douglas Spink’s animal farm and arrested Spinks and a tourist, Stephen Clarke from Peterborough, England. Authorities described some of the evidence found at the scene as ‘bizarre.’ The raid was conducted by the Whatcom County Sheriff’s Office in assistance with the U.S. Probation Department, U.S. Marshals Office, and the FBI. Reports state that authorities seized dogs, horses, and mice. There were reportedly thousands of images of bestiality and child pornography found on the property as well.[75]

The Huffington Post reported:

When agents searched Spink's home, they found a video of a man sexually abusing dogs -- and that man, Clarke, was still on the property, wearing the same clothes as in the video, Elfo said. He was charged with animal cruelty and made an initial appearance in Whatcom County Superior Court on Thursday.[76]

Douglas Spink previously lived in Oregon.[77] As noted above, according to the CUNY 2000 religious survey, Oregon was declared to have the highest per capita number of people in the United States who answered "no religion" on a survey.[78] 28% of the Oregon population declared they had "no religion".[79] In addition, in 2007 the pro-evolution magazine the Scientific American said that Oregon state did a "satisfactory/good" job of teaching evolution (see: Evolutionary belief and bestiality)[80] A 2011 study reported by CNN indicated that Oregon state was a politically liberal state.[81]

See also: Evolutionary belief and bestiality and Homosexuality and bestiality and Liberalism and bestiality

France has the 8th highest rate of atheism in the world with 43 - 54% of the population being atheists/agnostics/non-believers in God.[86] In addition, France has the 4rth highest belief in evolution in the Western World.[87]

On June 24, 2010 the website Gawker wrote in an article entitled This Gay Bestiality Ad Is Crazy Even For France wrote:

If Bill O'Reilly was upset about a harmless gay-themed French commercial for McDonalds just wait until he sees this insane spot for Orangina where a humanoid mountain lion shaves and then embraces his gay lover. Um, what?

So we see a mountain lion made to look like a man shaving his face, but instead of shaving cream, he uses Orangina, the sticky sweet carbonated beverage that is the European equivalent of Sunkist. That's strange enough, but what sends this over the edge is that his hunky boyfriend comes over and feels how smooth his shave is at the last second.[88]

The French atheist Marquis de Sade wrote sadomasochistic novels which featured rape, bestiality and necrophilia. During a portion of his life, the Marquis de Sade had problems maintaining a healthy weight and he was grotesquely obese (see: Atheism and obesity). [89]

See also:

In 2005, the Pew Forum reported:

According to a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes survey, there are striking differences in public opinion between the U.S. and European countries on issues such as the importance people attach to religion in their lives and the linkage they perceive between belief in God and morality. The survey shows that a large majority of Americans consider religion important in their personal lives and closely associate religion and morality. Furthermore, Pew Forum surveys over several years show that Americans are generally more comfortable with religion playing a major role in public life. In contrast, Europeans generally place much less importance on religion in their lives, and general indicators show that major churches in Europe are declining in terms of membership, recruitment of clergy, financial contributions and overall public influence. The Pew Forum convened distinguished experts Peter Berger, John Judis and Walter Russell Mead to analyze these differences between the U.S and Europe and to assess their impact on transatlantic relations.[91]

The first so called "bestiality/zoophile rights" group, called Equality for All, has its roots in secular Europe and formed in the '90s.[92]

See also: Atheism and morality and Atheism, pederasty and NAMBLA

The Christian apologist and author Michael Caputo writes:

Although bestiality is not openly supported by well known Militant Atheist sites, support for it is inherent in their insistence that decisions of a sexual nature should be left up to the individual adults to determine. God disagrees.[93]

For more information please see: Atheism and morality

See also: Joseph Stalin's ape-men experiments

In an article entitled Stalin’s ape-man Superwarriors Creation Ministries International declares:

Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin wanted to rebuild the Red Army, in the mid-1920s, with Planet-of-the-Apes-style troops by crossing humans with apes. This was according to a report in The Scotsman newspaper on 20 December 2005.

The report claimed that Stalin ordered Russia’s top animal-breeding scientist, Ilya Ivanov, to use his skills to produce a super warrior. Stalin is said to have told Ivanov, ‘I want a new invincible human being, insensitive to pain, resistant and indifferent about the quality of food they eat.’ In 1926, the Politburo in Moscow passed this request to build a ‘living war machine’ on to the Academy of Sciences, who engaged Ivanov and sent him to West Africa with many thousands of dollars to conduct experiments in impregnating chimpanzees by artificial insemination. In the USSR, a centre was set up in Georgia, Stalin’s birthplace, for the ‘apes’ to be raised.

Ivanov’s experiments in Africa were a total failure. Further experiments in Georgia to use monkey sperm in human volunteers also failed. Ivanov was now in disgrace. For his expensive failure, he was sentenced to five years’ jail, commuted to five years’ exile in Kazakhstan, where he died in 1932, aged 61.[94]

Sonja Dalton of Americans For Truth About Homosexuality wrote:

The fact is that humans are hard-wired to distinguish normal, natural behaviors from depraved, wicked acts. God instilled man with a conscience whereby we know, intuitively and with confidence, that acts of righteousness evoke joy and that other acts are wicked and morally reprehensible…at least we recognize that until we start to rationalize, unless the conscience has been seared, hardened by sin’s deceitfulness. Nearly everyone understands that having “sex” with animals is appalling — there is no organized, multi-million dollar movement to advance the rights of those with a sexual proclivity for livestock (at least not yet), no claim that they were “born that way.”

The same God who condemns bestiality as “perversion” also calls homosexual acts “detestable.” His morality is the one upon which our nation’s laws were founded. If Christian morality is exiled, whose morality will become our standard?

And the real question is this: If we as a society still believe that bestiality is immoral, why are we so foolishly embracing “proud” homosexuality as “moral” — when it clearly cannot be?[95]

? ? ? The Basis of a Christian Worldview? The Basis of a Christian Worldview? The Dangerous Mind by Joe Carter, First Things? A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff - Int J Psychosom. 1991;38(1-4):45-7.? 7.0 7.1 Atheist Achilles Heels: Objective Morality and Sacred Life? The “objective morality” gotcha? Skatje Myers on The Separation of Church and State? Atheist Dad of the Year? Just when you think Slimy Sal couldn’t sink any lower - Skatje Myers, Daughter of atheist PZ Myers - in blog comments section of PZ Myers' blog post? Skatje Myers' Website is currently under construction, RSS feed - Lacrimae Rerum,blog of Skatje Myers, blog article - Zoophilia Oct 2, 2007]? Skatje Myers' website is currently under construction, Morality by Skaje Myers? Christopher Hitchens vs William Lane Craig - Does God Exist Debate? Christopher Hitchens vs William Lane Craig - Does God Exist Debate? Christopher Hitchens vs William Lane Craig - Does God Exist Debate ? Atheism: A religion of degenerates? http://www.nndb.com/lists/288/000092012/? http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/? http://creation.com/a-designer-is-unscientificeven-if-all-the-evidence-supports-one? ? Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality By Jesse Bering, March 24, 2010? How Bad Science Helped Launch the 'Gay' Revolution By Robert H. Knight? My Genes Made Me Do it - a scientific look at sexual orientation by Dr Neil Whitehead and Briar Whitehead - Chapter 6? My Genes Made Me Do it - a scientific look at sexual orientation by Dr Neil Whitehead and Briar Whitehead - Chapter 6? Mark Ridley, 'Who doubts evolution?', New Scientist, vol. 90, 25 June 1981, p. 831? Simon Conway Morris, [palaeontologist, Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, UK], "Evolution: Bringing Molecules into the Fold," Cell, Vol. 100, pp.1-11, January 7, 2000, p.11? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Animal bordellos draw Swedes? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Animal bordellos draw Swedes? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? Bestiality on the Rise in Sexually Libertine Sweden? Animal bordellos draw Swedes? Swedes have more and more animal sex? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Swedes have more and more animal sex? Godless Britain, Wall Street Journal, Shmuley Boteach? Swedes have more and more animal sex? Atheism: A religion of degenerates? UK TV Regulators OK Bestiality - LifeSiteNews - May 26, 2005? Sharp increase in sexually transmitted infections in UK? The Daily Mail online (MailOnline), August 5, 2011 The explicit art that shows bestiality with a goat just yards from The Ritz? The Daily Mail online (MailOnline), August 5, 2011 The explicit art that shows bestiality with a goat just yards from The Ritz? Horse slashers profiled? Horse slashers profiled? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Bestiality on the Rise in Sexually Libertine Sweden? Swedes have more and more animal sex? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? Bestiality on the Rise in Sexually Libertine Sweden? Swedes have more and more animal sex? Swedish bestiality ring exposed? Swedish women hit harder by STD rise? Swedish women hit harder by STD rise? Sweden urged to ban animals sex after newspaper expose on bestiality - The Times - November 12, 2008? [1]? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? [2]? Dutch Finally Ban Bestiality, ABC News? ‘Gay’ Hero Frank Kameny Calls Believers “Christianofascists”; Library of Congress Honors “Gay Is Godly” Atheist? Leaders from the 1960s: a biographical sourcebook of American activism By David De Leon, page 253? Prominent Homosexual Activist Says Bestiality OK “As Long as the Animal Doesn’t Mind”? http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf? http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf? Teaching of evolution by state - map? Is the Worst State in the Country for Bestiality--Here's Why? Pet Abuse -2010? 2010 United States Census data? 2011 Political map - CNN? Horse sex story was online hit by Danny Westneat, Seattle Times - December 30, 2005? Bestiality farm raided in Washington state, Douglas Spink arrested April 17, 2011, Examiner - Charisse Van Horn, US Headlines Examiner? Douglas Spink Arrested In BESTIALITY Case: Mice In Vaseline, Dogs, Horses Found At Exitpoint Stallions Limitee? Douglas Spink Arrested In BESTIALITY Case: Mice In Vaseline, Dogs, Horses Found At Exitpoint Stallions Limitee? http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf? http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/cunywdat.pdf? Teaching of evolution by state - map? 2011 Political map - CNN? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? This Gay Bestiality Ad Is Crazy Even For France? Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)? Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds? This Gay Bestiality Ad Is Crazy Even For France? http://www.neilschaeffer.com/sade/bibliography/quills.htm? Aug 20 2009 article at Browardbeach.com entitled Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement? Secular Europe and Religious America: Implications for Transatlantic Relations? Aug 20 2009 article at Browardbeach.com entitled Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement? GOD, THE BIBLE AND BESTIALITY? Stalin’s ape-man Superwarriors? Why Do We Regard Bestiality as Immoral?

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Sunday, September 1, 2013

Causes of atheism

(Difference between revisions)See also: [http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/07/does-atheism-thrive-on-economic.html Does atheism thrive on economic prosperity and religion prosper when people are desperate and ignorant?]See also: [http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/07/does-atheism-thrive-on-economic.html Does atheism thrive on economic prosperity and religion prosper when people are desperate and ignorant?]17. '''Negative experiences with [[theism|theists]]'''17. '''[[Scientism]]:''' ''Science has in many ways become a new god''.[http://creation.com/the-religion-of-scientism-m-shallis The religion of scientism][http://www.saintsandsceptics.org/dawkins-dilbert-and-the-illogical-scientists/ Dawkins, Dilbert and the Illogical Scientists][http://www.religiontoday.com/news/exposing-the-religion-of-scientism-11598780.html Exposing the religion of scientism]18. '''[[Scientism]]:''' ''Science has in many ways become a new god''.[http://creation.com/the-religion-of-scientism-m-shallis The religion of scientism][http://www.saintsandsceptics.org/dawkins-dilbert-and-the-illogical-scientists/ Dawkins, Dilbert and the Illogical Scientists][http://www.religiontoday.com/news/exposing-the-religion-of-scientism-11598780.html Exposing the religion of scientism]18. '''Negative experiences with [[theism|theists]]'''

There are a number of reasonable explanations for the causes of atheism:

1. Moral depravity: The history of the atheist community and various studies concerning the atheist community point to moral depravity being a causal factor for atheism.[1] In addition, there is the historical matter of deceit being used in a major way to propagate atheism from the time of Charles Darwin onward. Also, Bible exegesis points to the moral depravity of atheists. Moral depravity is certainly one of the prime causes of atheism. Francis Thompson wrote: "Maybe the atheist cannot find God for the same reason a thief cannot find a policeman." (see also: Atheism and morality )

2. Hatred towards God. Angry, bitter and juvenile attacks on Christianity and Christians are due to hatred towards Jesus Christ and the Bible.[2][3]

3. Atheistic upbringing. However, according to recent research by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, in the United States, a majority of those surveyed who were raised in atheist or agnostic households, or where there was no specific religious attachment, later chose to join a religious faith.[4][5] A notable example, of a person raised in a atheistic household who later became a Christian is William J. Murray. Mr. Murray was raised by Madalyn Murray O'Hair who founded the organization American Atheists. In addition, Christianity is experiencing rapid growth in atheistic communist China and has experienced rapid growth in former communist countries. [6][7][8]

4. Rebellion: Atheism stems from a deliberate choice to ignore the reality of God's existence [9] Dinesh D'Souza declared: "Look at Satan's reason for rebelling against God. It's not that he doesn't recognize that God is greater than he is. He does. It's just that he doesn't want to play by anybody else's rules. This idea that it is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven is Satan's motto, and it turns out that this is also the motto of contemporary atheists such as Christopher Hitchens." [10]

5. Hedonism.[11] The Apostle Paul wrote that in the end times, men would be lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God (2 Timothy 3:1-4). See: Atheism and hedonism

6. Naiveté/Gullibility: Many atheists have embraced a number of far fetched, unworkable, and errant notions and ideologies such as communism, abiogenesis, and evolution despite abundant evidence of their falsity. See also: Causes of evolutionary belief

7. Irrational thinking: As noted earlier, a comprehensive study by Baylor University found that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in pseudoscience than evangelical Christians.[12] Also, as noted above, a 1980 study published in the magazine Skeptical Inquirer found irreligious college students to be by far the most likely to embrace paranormal beliefs, while born again Christian college students were found to be the least likely.[13]

8. Superficiality: Noted ex-atheist and psychologist Dr. Paul Vitz has stated that he had superficial reasons for becoming an atheist such as the desire to be accepted by his Stanford University professors who were united in disbelief regarding God.[14]

evolution darwin theory

9. Error: Some argue that atheism partly stems from a failure to fairly and judiciously consider the facts [17]

10. State churches: In regards to the causes of atheism, rates of atheism are much higher in countries with a state sanctioned religion (such as many European countries), and lower in states without a sanctioned religion (such as the United States). Some argue this is because state churches become bloated, corrupt, and/or out of touch with the religious intuitions of the population, while churches independent of the state are leaner and more adaptable. It is important to distinguish "state-sanctioned churches," where participation is voluntary, from "state-mandated churches" (such as Saudi Arabia) with much lower atheism rates because publicly admitted atheism is punishable by death. [18]

11. Self-deception[19]

12. Satanic deception [20] (see also: Atheism and satanic deception )

13. Poor relationship with father: Some argue that a troubled/non-existent relationship with a father may influence one of the causes of atheism.[21] Dr. Paul Vitz wrote a book entitled Faith of the Fatherless in which he points out that after studying the lives of more than a dozen leading atheists he found that a large majority of them had a father who was present but weak, present but abusive, or absent.[22][23] Dr. Vitz also examined the lives of prominent theists who were contemporaneous to their atheist counterparts and from the same culture and in every instance these prominent theists had a good relationship with his father.[24] Dr. Vitz has also stated other common factors he observed in the leading atheists he profiled: they were all intelligent and arrogant.[25]

14. Division in religion: According to Sir Francis Bacon, atheism is caused by "divisions in religion, if they be many; for any one main division addeth zeal to both sides, but many divisions introduce atheism."[26]

15. Ignorance. Atheism is indirectly proportional to education; a scholarly study published in an academic journal titled the Review of Religious Research demonstrated that increased education is correlated with belief in God and that "education positively affects religious participation, devotional activities, and emphasizing the importance of religion in daily life."[27][28][29][30] Sir Francis Bacon wrote: "A little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion." [31]

16. Indoctrination and ease of life: Francis Bacon argued that atheism was partly caused by:"Learned times, specially with peace and prosperity; for troubles and adversities do more bow men’s minds to religion."[32]

In addition, Jewish columnist Dennis Prager has stated that a causal factor of atheism is the "secular indoctrination of a generation."[33] Prager stated that "From elementary school through graduate school, only one way of looking at the world – the secular – is presented. The typical individual in the Western world receives as secular an indoctrination as the typical European received a religious one in the Middle Ages." [34] In addition, in communist countries (such as the former Soviet Union) atheistic indoctrination occurred in the educational system through such venues as schools, atheist museums, and clubs (see also: Militant atheism).[35][36] Atheists and secularists rarely point out that universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Oxford, Cambridge, and many others were founded by Christians.[37][38]

See also: Does atheism thrive on economic prosperity and religion prosper when people are desperate and ignorant?

17. Scientism: Science has in many ways become a new god.[39][40][41]

18. Negative experiences with theists

Other articles relating to atheism:

? ? Christopher Hitchens: Staring Death in the Face And the difference that Biblical Creation makes!? The Argument for Atheism from Immaturity? http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/defectors-to-faith-mark-a-growing-trend/story-e6frg7ko-1225710667095? http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1204/religion-changes-affiliations-survey? http://www.millennialstar.org/christianity-exploding-in-china/? http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/shows/cwn/2008/August/Christianity-Growing-in-China-/? http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/international/europe/03romania.html? "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, because what may be known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse, For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, [even] his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse..." —Romans 1:19-20 (NKJV)? Salvomag.com The Apologist, An Interview with Dinesh D'Souza, Author of What's So Great About Christianity by Marcia Segelstein? Why do atheists hate God?? http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html? http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html? http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/vitz.txt? http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleological-arguments/notes.html? http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2109? "A young man who wishes to remain a sound Atheist cannot be too careful of his reading. There are traps everywhere--'Bibles laid open, millions of surprises,' as Herbert says, 'fine nets and stratagems.' God is, if I may say it, very unscrupulous." -- C.S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy.? http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118434936941966055.html?mod=googlenews_wsj? Atheism - Satanic deception and self-deception? Atheism - Satanic deception and self-deception? http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth12.html? Vitz, Paul, The Psychology of Atheism, September 24, 1997 (lecture notes taken by an audience member).? Anders, Kerby, Atheists and Their Fathers (Probe Ministries)? http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/vitz.txt? http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/vitz.txt? Francis Bacon, Of atheism - essay? Schwadel, Philip (2011). The Effects of Education on Americans’ Religious Practices, Beliefs, and Affiliations. DOI:10.1007/s13644-011-0007-4. “education positively affects religious participation, devotional activities, and emphasizing the importance of religion in daily life; (3) education positively affects switching religious affiliations, particularly to a mainline Protestant denomination, but not disaffiliation; (4) education is positively associated with questioning the role of religion in secular society but not with support for curbing the public opinions of religious leaders; and (5) the effects of education on religious beliefs and participation vary across religious traditions. Education does influence Americans’ religious beliefs and activities, but the effects of education on religion are complex.” ? Jim Kavanagh (11 August 2011). Study: More educated tend to be more religious, by some measures. CNN. ““With more years of education, you aren’t relatively more likely to say, ‘I don’t believe in God,’” he said. “But you are relatively more likely to say, ‘I believe in a higher power.’””? The more education people receive, the more religious they become?. Daily Mail (12 August 2011). “By analyzing data from a large national survey, sociologist Philip Schwadel of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that people tend to become more religious - by certain definitions - as they further their education. The survey also qualified what concept of God or a 'higher power' individuals held, as well as whether they had any doubts. Mr Schwadel said that: 'With more years of education, you aren’t relatively more likely to say, "I don’t believe in God," but you are relatively more likely to say, "I believe in a higher power."'”? More is More When it Comes to Education and Religion, Study Says. Christian Post (13 August 2011). “Sociologist Philip Schwadel from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) studied this phenomenon. He discovered that people today tend to become more religious as they further their education.”? http://www.notable-quotes.com/a/atheism_quotes.html? Francis Bacon, Of atheism - essay? http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?pageId=43734? http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?pageId=4373? Marxist-Leninist 'Scientific Atheism' and the Study of Religion and Atheism By James Thrower, page 325? Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania? http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n3/harvard-yale-princeton-oxford-once-christian? http://www.tysknews.com/Depts/Educate/history_part3.htm? The religion of scientism? Dawkins, Dilbert and the Illogical Scientists? Exposing the religion of scientism

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Thursday, August 29, 2013

Essay:Comedy and satires concerning atheism and evolution


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Sunday, August 18, 2013

Militant atheism

(Difference between revisions)and the journalist and campaigner Paul Foot has been labelled a militant atheist.{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2004/jul/25/1|title=The epistles of Saint Paul|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|quote= Paul Foot, militant atheist, revolutionary socialist and a man who couldn't listen to a pious sentiment without barking out a guffaw, would have agreed.|accessdate = 2011-03-05}}and the journalist and campaigner Paul Foot has been labelled a militant atheist.{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2004/jul/25/1|title=The epistles of Saint Paul|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|quote= Paul Foot, militant atheist, revolutionary socialist and a man who couldn't listen to a pious sentiment without barking out a guffaw, would have agreed.|accessdate = 2011-03-05}}Moreover, comedian Kathy Griffin identifies herself as a militant atheist.{{cite news | url=http://outsmartmagazine.com/this_issue/?storyid=1129229903 | title=Foul-Mouthed and Funny | work=OutSmart | author=Blase DiStefano | date=June 2007 | accessdate=2007-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927190140/http://outsmartmagazine.com/this_issue/?storyid=1129229903 |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}Moreover, comedian Kathy Griffin identifies herself as a militant atheist.{{cite news | url=http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/Militant_atheism | title=Foul-Mouthed and Funny | work=OutSmart | author=Blase DiStefano | date=June 2007 | accessdate=2007-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927190140/http://outsmartmagazine.com/this_issue/?storyid=1129229903 |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}

Militant atheism (Russian: ???????????? ??????) is a term applied to atheism which is hostile towards religion.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Militant atheists have a desire to propagate the doctrine,[3][8] and differ from moderate atheists because they hold religion to be harmful.[4][3][2] Militant atheism was an integral part of the materialism of Marxism-Leninism,[9][10] and significant in the French Revolution,[11] atheist states such as the Soviet Union,[12][13] and Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.[14] The term has also been applied to political thinkers.[15] Recently the term militant atheist has been used to describe the New Atheism movement,[16] which is characterized by the belief that religion "should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized and exposed."[17][18][19]

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British philosopher Julian Baggini postulates an atheistic active hostility to religion as militant and says hostility "requires more than just strong disagreement with religion – it requires something verging on hatred and is characterized by a desire to wipe out all forms of religious belief."[2] Militant atheists, Baggini continues, "tend to make one or both of two claims that moderate atheists do not. The first is that religion is demonstrably false or nonsense, and the second is that it is usually or always harmful."[2] According to Baggini, the "too-zealous" militant atheism found in the Soviet Union was characterized by thinking the best way to counter religion was "by oppression and making atheism the official state credo."[20]

As such, philosopher Kerry S. Walters contends that militant atheism differs from moderate atheism because it sees belief in God as pernicious.[4] In the same vein, militant atheism, according to theologian Karl Rahner, regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration;[3] "militant" atheism differs from the philosophy of "theoretical" atheism, which he states, may be tolerant and deeply concerned.[3]

The theological roots of militant atheism can be found in thought of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Leo Strauss, Ludwig Feuerbach, as well as in Karl Marx's and Friedrich Engels's critique of religion.[21] Under régimes which espouse militant atheism, such as Albania under Enver Hoxha and Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, in which traditional religion was banned, when the wave of militant atheism passes, traditional religion may reappear with undiminished strength when conditions allow for the expression of grassroots identities.[22]

According to Harold J. Berman, a Harvard specialist in Soviet law, "militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was the established church."[9][10][23] The militant atheism of the Bolsheviks owed its origins to the "standard Marxist feeling that religion was the opium of the masses."[24] Vitalij Lazar'evic Ginzburg, a Soviet physicist, wrote that the "Bolshevik communists were not merely atheists but, according to Lenin's terminology, militant atheists."[25] The goal of the Soviet Union was the liquidation of religion and the means to achieve this goal included the destruction of churches, mosques, synagogues, mandirs, madrasahs, religious monuments, as well the mass deportation to Siberia of believers of different religions.[12][13][26][27][28][29][30] Under the Soviet doctrine of separation of church and state, detailed in the Constitution of the Soviet Union, churches in the Soviet Union were forbidden to give to the poor or carry on educational activities.[31] They could not publish literature since all publishing was done by state agencies, although after World War II the Russian Orthodox Church was given the right to publish church calendars, a very limited number of Bibles, and a monthly journal in a limited number of copies.[31] Churches were forbidden to hold any special meetings for children, youth or women, or any general meetings for religious study or recreation, or to open libraries or keep any books other than those necessary for the performance of worship services.[31][32][33] Furthermore, under militant atheist policies, Church property was expropriated.[34][35] Moreover, not only was religion banned from the school and university system, but pupils were to be indoctrinated with atheism and antireligious teachings.[36][37][31] For example, schoolchildren were asked to convert family members to atheism and memorize antireligious rhymes, songs, and catechisms, while university students who declined to propagate atheism lost their scholarships and were expelled from universities.[37] Severe criminal penalties were imposed for violation of these rules.[31][38] By the 1960s, with the fourth Soviet anti-religious campaign underway, half of the amount of Russian Orthodox churches were closed, along with five out of the eight seminaries.[39] In addition, several other Christian denominations were brought to extinction, including the Baptist Church, Methodist Church, Evangelical Christian Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church.[12][40] Before the Russian Revolution, there were more than fifty thousand Russian Orthodox clergymen, by 1939, there were no more than three to four hundred left.[41] In the year 1922 alone, under the militant atheistic system, 2691 secular priests, 1962 monks and 3447 nuns were martyred for their faith.[42][43] According to Rudolph Joseph Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, 61,000,000 people were killed under the Communism of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.[44]

In an extreme case from the 1920s, the government promoted the khudjum campaign, a movement that encouraged women to voluntarily discard the paranja, as the veil is called in the Turkic-speaking regions, but also brought gangs of militant young atheists to Central Asia who physically assaulted women, often tearing the veil from their faces in the streets of Tashkent, Samarkand, and other cities. —Global Security Watch[45]

Due to the militant atheistic campaigns against Judaism,[46] the religion was inaccessible to its followers;[47] most Soviet Jews focused on a national identity, which fueled a mass dissident movement.[47] Marxist-Leninist militant atheism resulted in the administrative elimination of the clergy, the housing of atheist museums where churches had once stood, the sending of many religious people to prisons and concentration camps, a continuous stream of propaganda, and the imposing of atheism through education (and forced re-education through torture at various prisons).[48][49][50][51] Specifically, by 1941, 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslim mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.[52][53]

Oscar J. Hammen, a historian, classified Engels as a militant atheist.[54] The ascent of the Bolsheviks to power in 1917 "meant the beginning of a campaign of militant atheism,"[55] and in 1922 Lenin, himself a militant atheist,[56] referred with approval to "militant atheist literature" and demanded that the journal Pod Znamenem Marksizma "must be a militant atheist organ", explaining that he meant militant 'in the sense of unflinchingly exposing and indicting all modern “graduated flunkeys of clericalism”, irrespective of whether they act as representatives of official science or as free lances calling themselves “democratic Left or ideologically socialist” publicists'.[57] In 1923, the Bezbozhnik ("Atheist", or "Godless") magazine appeared,[58] around which the "Union of the Friends of the Bezbozhnik" was formed in 1924. The organization, renamed the League of Militant Atheists (Russian: ???? ???????????? ???????????, Soyuz voinstvuyushchikh bezbozhnikov) in 1929, along with the Tatar Union of the Militant Godless,[59] carried out anti-religious propaganda at the grassroots level.[60][61][62][63] In 1941, soon after the Nazi invasion of the USSR, the newspaper closed, and in 1947 the society itself folded, the task of the anti-religious propaganda being transferred to the more neutrally named All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge (?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????).[64] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Soviet concentration camp survivor, wrote of the The Union of the Militant Godless, stating that its members "went on rampages, blew out candles, and smashed icons with axes."[65] The League of Militant Atheists, which was renamed the Znanie Society (???????? "??????"), published a monthly journal called Nauka i Religya (Science and Religion) which described itself as "a fighting organ of militant atheism", rejecting the view that religion would disappear "of itself."[66][67] In 1961 the Ukrainian branch produced a similar journal called Militant Atheist (Voivnichy Ateist).[67]

Scientists and party philosophers in the Soviet Union worked to establish a view of science acceptable to Marxist–Leninist philosophy.[68] In addition to the antireligious substance of each course, the curriculum from the universities in the Soviet Union presented scientific findings correct or incorrect based on their supposed ideological positions, not on the objective, applied, and experimental essence of science.[69] Some Soviet militant atheists also believed science disproved religion because God remained unseen, His miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were scientifically inconceivable.[70][71] Bruce Sheiman, himself a leader in the Atheist 3.0 movement, has criticized militant atheism for asserting this belief that science is capable of determining the existence of God.[72] Joseph McCabe, a militant atheist,[73] wrote in 1936 that "Russia is doing the finest and soundest reconstructive work of our time, and it is doing this, not only without God, but on a basis of militant Atheism."[74] Christopher Hitchens, a militant atheist, stated that "One of Lenin's great achievements, in my opinion, is to create a secular Russia. The power of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was an absolute warren of backwardness and evil and superstition, is probably never going to recover from what he did to it.[75]

However, militant atheism failed to eradicate Christianity, which resulted in the reopening of churches, the abandonment of the atheist teaching in schools, and the restoration of the seven day week.[76] Moreover, John W. Garver observes that the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the dominance of militant atheism over South-Central Asia and led to the reemergence of Islam in the region.[77]

When Communists seized power in former Czechoslovakia in February 1948, part of their agenda included fighting against a “dangerous ideological enemy that holds enormous influence over the masses”.[78] Thus, the monasteries were seized by the State Security (Å tB) during three so-called “barbaric nights” in 1950.[78]

In total, 3142 people, including male members of religious orders, were coerced into the selected concentration monasteries,[78] which were turned into prison or labor camps secured with guards, who implemented a strict régime aiming at the “political re-education” of monks.[78] The 213 monastery buildings and facilities were confiscated by state and the content of many ancient precious libraries which survived the Turko-Tatar attacks of the Middle Ages was scrapped and used for cardboard production.[78][79]

In 1957 ŠtB arrested university students in eastern Slovakia in the town Košice for holding Bible study meetings.[80] The consequent investigations lead to further arrests of Christians as well as a lawsuit in 1959 with non-public hearing and coverage by state-controlled media.[80] Newspapers brought up the case under titles including: "Poison in gold-foil," "Sects are eradicating the thinking of youth" and "Report on trial with blue crusaders" (Blue Cross [in Slovak "Modrý kríž"] was Christian abstinence association fighting alcoholism).[80][81] The arrested members of Blue Cross were found guilty of "spreading hostile Christian ideology" that "contradicts scientific Marxist ideology."[80] They were sentenced pursuant to a paragraph on subversion of the republic.[80] At the same time their personal correspondence, typewriters and Christian literature were confiscated, including writing by national author Kristína Royová,[80] who was regarded by some authors as the "Slovak Kierkegaard."[82]

In 1929, when Soviet officials established the Militant Atheist-Marxist Association in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, over 1,800 clerics – Christian priests, Jewish rabbis, and Muslim mullahs – were denied their electoral rights.[83] Despite this, Jews worshiped in secrecy.[83]

In Moldova, according to Mihaela Robila, during "the several decades of state-sponsored militant atheism, drastic methods were used" to prohibit the "expression of religious life"; such methods included the "forcible destruction of religious monuments, liquidation of churches, and mass deportation" of believers of different religions to Siberia.[84]

Counter-Enlightenment writers frequently charged the philosophes with militant atheism which sought to destroy the Church and the monarchical form of government."[85] Two prominent militant atheists of the French Revolution included Jacques Hébert and Baron Anacharsis Cloots,[86][87] who both advocated the dechristianisation of France.[11][88] Cloots, says Alister McGrath, did not believe in religious tolerance.[11] He vigorously campaigned for the atheistic Cult of Reason, which was officially proclaimed on 10 November 1793. According to James Gray, Thomas Holcroft,[89][90] an English militant atheist, was instrumental in founding the London Corresponding Society in 1792, "whose main aim was to connect with radical elements in Paris in the same year".[90]

The People's Republic of China is officially an atheist state,[91][92] as atheism is endorsed and promoted by the ruling Chinese Communist Party.[14][93][94] When the People's Republic of China was established, militant atheist functionaries compelled the Party to impose control on and limit religious suppliers.[95] As a result, foreign missionaries were expelled from the nation.[95] Furthermore, major religions including Buddhism, Daoism, Islam and Christianity were co-opted into national associations, while minor sects were labelled as reactionary organisations and were therefore banned.[95] "Up to 1 October 1949, when Mao Tse-tung officially proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC)," the communists, acting as the de facto government of the regions they controlled, killed to 3,500,000 individuals.[96]

However, during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a new form of militant atheism made great efforts to eradicate religion completely.[14][97] Under this militant atheism espoused by Mao Zedong, houses of worship were shut down; Buddhist pagodas, Daoist temples, Christian churches, and Muslim mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; and sacred texts were burnt.[14][97] Moreover, it was a criminal offence to even possess a religious artifact or sacred text.[14] The death toll in 20th Cenutry China attributable to Mao Tse-Tsung's "Great Leap Forward" is estimated by reputable sources "to be as high as forty million."[98] However, following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, many former policies towards religious freedom returned although they are limited and tenuous, as religion is closely regulated by the government.[14]

According to philosopher Julia Ching, the Falun Gong religion was seen by Jiang Zemin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, as an ideological threat to militant atheism and historical materialism.[99] Nevertheless, Fengang Yang, a professor at Purdue University, writes that the "predominant view on religion has moved away from militant atheism to a more scientific, objective and consequently more balanced approach to religion."[100]

Between the late 1960s and late 1980s, the state of Cuba adopted a policy of militant atheism.[101][102] Under the rule of Fidel Castro, Christian priests who spoke out against the injustices of the atheist régime were arrested.[103] In addition, militant atheism was an integral part of Cuba's school curriculum.[104] Moreover, 'religious believers were fired from their jobs and sent to labor camps for "re-education".'[105] The effect of these factors led to a population that was "largely atheist".[106] In fact, people starting bestowing upon their children non-Christian names.[107] In 1992, however, the atheism of the state was officially renounced, and Cuba became a secular state.[102][108][109]

Sociologist Rodney Stark describes Thomas Hobbes and the other originators of the 'social "scientific" study of religion' as "militant opponents of religion" whose "militant atheism...was motivated partly by politics".[110] The 19th-century political activist Charles Bradlaugh has been called a militant atheist by several authors,[111][112][113][114] and is often credited as the first militant atheist in the history of Western civilization.[115][116] The term has also been applied to other 19th-century political thinkers such as Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach,[117] Annie Besant,[118][119][120] and Schopenhauer.[121]

A significant militant atheist movement known as the Holbachians,[122] disciples of militant atheist Baron d'Holbach,[123] opposed Judaism, Christianity and Deism.[123][124]

The Polish religious leader Stefan Wyszynski decided during his imprisonment (1953–1956) "to defend the faith of the nation against militant atheism by means of the power of the Virgin Mary."[125]

In 1952 philosopher Herbert W. Schneider, when writing on Religion in 20th Century America, wrote of the "few remaining militant atheists" in the United States.[126][127]

Benito Mussolini was a militant atheist in his early life.[128][129][130][131][132] Like other socialists of the Romagna, Mussolini adopted the militant atheism of the Italian Socialist movement.[133] In his later life, however, Mussolini signed a Concordat with the Church in order to consort with the bishops who blessed the Fascist banners.[128][134]

In The New Atheist Novel, Arthur Bradley and Andrew Tate state that militant atheism is one of the elements "that make up the New Atheist creed."[135] Ian H. Hutchinson, professor of nuclear science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has stated that the New Atheism movement constitutes militant atheism because demonstrates an "attack on religion" and a "lack of respect at all for religion."[16] Prof. Hutchinson also states that the arguments employed by the New Atheism movement are extensions of intellectual threads which have existed since the late 19th century.[16] As such, recently, the term militant atheist has been used to describe New Atheist leaders such as Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett and Victor Stenger.[136][137][138][8][139][137][139][138] In an interview with Thomas Bass, which was published in the book Reinventing the Future: Conversations With the World's Leading Scientists, Richard Dawkins identified with the ideology, stating:
I am a fairly militant atheist, with a fair degree of active hostility toward religion. I certainly was hostile toward it at school, from the age of about sixteen onwards. I mellowed a bit in my twenties and thirties. But I'm getting more militant again now. —Richard Dawkins[140]

Paul Davies, an English physicist, defines a form of Christian atheism as being anti-militant-atheism, defining militant atheism as Dawkins' and Hitchens' position "to convince people that God doesn't exist as the most important intellectual task in our society."[141] The same phenomenon takes place in works published by the academic journal titled "Studies: an Irish Quarterly Review,"[142] and "The Literary Review,"[143] as well as in academic literature, such as the Rowman & Littlefield published The Secularization Debate,[144] and the Sydney University Press published Politics and Religion in the New Century, for example.[145]

These individuals have been labelled as militant atheists by other atheists such as Andrew Fiala, Professor of Philosophy at California State University, who in a paper published in the academic journal "International Journal for Philosophy of Religion" states that the 'claim that all religion is poisonous is linked to the final problem with the new breed of militant atheists: intolerance toward religion. It is this characteristic that leads me to call these new atheists “militant".'[138] Fiala believes that much of their critique of religion is based upon the claim that atheism is true and that the claims of religion are false. He writes that "such an approach is often dogmatic in its assertion of cognitive superiority".[138] Michael Ruse, a prominent atheist and biologist at Florida State University, has denounced militant atheism because of its attempt to conflate atheism and Darwinism.[146][147] In addition, Bruce Sheiman, an Atheist 3.0 leader, has stated that "when militant atheists portray religion, they critique every political and organizational misdeed that can be attributed to it" but "portray science in idealized terms, untainted by commercial interests, political intrusions, and ethical conundrums."[148] Richard Dawkins has, in turn, compared Ruse to "Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister best known for his appeasement policy toward Nazi Germany."[149] Other articles in the popular media make reference to outspoken atheists as militant atheists.[150][151][152]

Figures in the 21st century in the USA and the UK who have been described as militant atheists include Michael Newdow.[153] The Argentinian Supreme Court Judge Carmen Argibay also describes herself as a "militant atheist",[154][155] and the journalist and campaigner Paul Foot has been labelled a militant atheist. Moreover, comedian Kathy Griffin identifies herself as a militant atheist.[157]

Journalist Charles Moore in the Daily Telegraph, authored an article entitled "Militant atheists: too clever for their own good",[158] which discussed Richard Dawkins, and mentioned Christopher Hitchens and A. C. Grayling; the author felt that the atheist movement may be acquiring the characteristics of "intolerance, dogmatism, righteousness, moral contempt for one's opponents."[159] Moore also interpreted Dawkins as promoting the idea that atheism is "a superior order of being".[159] In the same newspaper, Raj Persaud categorised Richard Dawkins as a militant atheist, and said he was "famously virulent views on religion, attacking it as a 'virus of the mind' and an 'infantile regression'."[160]

The editor of Quadrant Magazine, a literary and cultural journal, also refers to Dawkins in these terms, and suggests that Dawkins' views are an extreme example of intolerance.[161]

British writer Theo Hobson in The Guardian claims that "criticisms levelled at religion by militant atheists are often crude and short-sighted".[162] Dawkins has responded to criticisms that he is hostile towards religion, saying "such hostility as I or other atheists occasionally voice toward religion is limited to words" and "It is all too easy to confuse fundamentalism with passion. I may well appear passionate when I defend evolution against a fundamentalist creationist, but this is not because of a rival fundamentalism of my own."[163]

Melanie Phillips, a British author, suggests that militant atheism "in junking religion, has destroyed our sense of anything beyond our material selves and the here and now" and "paved the way for the onslaught on bedrock moral values ... and intimidation and bullying to drive this agenda into public policy".[164]

Decca Aitkenhead a writer for the New Statesman, writes that the atheist movement has been accused of "adopting a tone so militant as to alienate potential supporters, and fortify the religious lobby."[165]

John F. Pollard, a British Christian historian, writes that "militant atheism must be resisted by the Church militant."[166]

Simon Blackburn writes that "many professional philosophers, including ones such as myself who have no religious beliefs at all, are slightly embarrassed, or even annoyed, by the voluble disputes between militant atheists and religious apologists".[167] Though he presents no specific criticism of militant atheism, for him, both sides of the debate were presented better by David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, which he then explicates.[167]

Paul Kurtz, considered by many to be the founder of secular humanism,[168] has criticized militant atheists in that "they resist any effort to engage in inquiry or debate" and militant atheism as "becom[ing] mere dogma."[169] Kurtz has criticized the militant atheism of the Soviet Union, which he stated "persecuted religious beleivers, confiscated church properties, executed or exiled tens of thousands of clerics, and prohibited believers to engage in religious instruction or publish religious materials" and praised Mikhail Gorbachev's "dismantling such policies by permitting greater freedom of religious conscience...moving from militant atheism to tolerant humanism."[169] Kurtz cited the commitment to "human freedom and democracy" as humanism's basic difference from the militant atheism of the Soviet Union, which consistently violated basic human rights.[169] Kurtz also stated that the "defense of religious liberty is as precious to the humanist as are the rights of the believers."[51]

Catherine Fahringer of the Freedom From Religion Foundation suggested that the label militant was often routinely applied to atheist for no good reason – "very much as was the adjective 'damn' attached to the noun 'Yankee' during the Civil War."[170] The Freedom From Religion Foundation, however, has been called a "militant atheist group" in The Washington Examiner.[171]

A.C. Grayling writes that the charges of militant atheism are pronounced by theists; he states that "when the boot was on their foot they burned us at the stake. All we're doing is speaking very frankly and bluntly and they don't like it."[172] Grayling also likens the appellation 'militant atheist' to that of 'militant non-stamp collector.'[173] Oliver Burkeman has suggested that it is not the case that Grayling is motivated by nothing but a dispassionate quest for the truth; rather Grayling is actively promoting a position, motivated by more than the disbelief in God, and that he is doing more than just not collecting stamps.[174]

? Michael Hesemann, Whitley Strieber (2000). The Fatima Secret. Random House Digital, Inc.. Retrieved on 09 October 2011. “Lenin's death in 1924 was followed by the rise of Joseph Stalin, "the man of steel," who founded the "Union of Militant Atheists," whose chief aim was to spread atheism and eradicate religion. In the following years it devastated hundreds of churches, destroyed old icons and relics, and persecuted the clergy with unimaginable brutality.” ? 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Julian Baggini (2009). Atheism. Sterling Publishing. Retrieved on 2011-06-28. “Militant Atheism: Atheism which is actively hostile to religion I would call militant. To be hostile in this sense requires more than just strong disagreement with religion—it requires something verging on hatred and is characterized by a desire to wipe out all forms of religious beliefs. Militant atheists tend to make one or both of two claims that moderate atheists do not. The first is that religion is demonstrably false or nonsense, and the second is that is is usually or always harmful.”  ? 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Karl Rahner (1975). Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi. Continuum International Publishing Group. Retrieved on 2011-06-28. “ATHEISM A. IN PHILOSOPHY I. Concept and incidence. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of any possibility of knowing God. In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration.”  ? 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kerry S. Walters (2010). Atheism. Continuum International Publishing Group. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “Both positive and negative atheism may be further subdivided into (i) militant and (ii) moderate varieties. Militant atheists, such as physicist Steven Weinberg, tend to think that God-belief is not only erroneous but pernicious. Moderate atheists agree that God-belief is unjustifiable, but see nothing inherently pernicious in it. What leads to excess, they argue, is intolerant dogmatism and extremism, and these are qualities of ideologies in general, religious or nonreligious.” ? Phil Zuckerman (2009). Atheism and Secularity: Issues, Concepts, and Definitions. ABC-CLIO. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as the dangerous opium and narcotic of the people, a wrong political ideology serving the interests of antirevolutionary forces; thus force may be necessary to control or eliminate religion.”  ? Yang, Fenggang (2004). "Between Secularist Ideology and Desecularizing Reality: The Birth and Growth of Religious Research in Communist China". Sociology of Religion 65 (2): 101-119. http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/2/101.full.pdf. "Scientific atheism is the theoretical basis for tolerating religion while carrying out atheist propaganda, whereas militant atheism leads to antireligious measures. In practice, almost as soon as it took power in 1949, the CCP followed the hard line of militant atheism. Within a decade, all religions were brought under the iron control of the Party: Folk religious practices considered feudalist superstitions were vigorously suppressed; cultic or heterodox sects regarded as reactionary organizations were resolutely banned; foreign missionaries, considered part of Western imperialism, were expelled; and major world religions, including Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, were coerced into "patriotic" national associations under close supervision of the Party. Religious believers who dared to challenge these policies were mercilessly banished to labor camps, jails, or execution grounds.". ? Yang, Fenggang (2006). "The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China". The Sociological Quarterly 47 (1): 93–122. http://www.purdue.edu/crcs/itemPublications/articles/Yang3Markets.pdf. "In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as a dangerous narcotic and a troubling political ideology that serves the interests of antirevolutionary forces. As such, it should be suppressed or eliminated by the revolutionary force. On the basis of scienti?c atheism, religious toleration was inscribed in CCP policy since its early days. By reason of militant atheism, however, atheist propaganda became ferocious, and the power of “proletarian dictatorship” was invoked to eradicate the reactionary ideology (Dai 2001)". ? 8.0 8.1 Charles Colson, Ellen Santilli Vaughn (2007). God and Government. Zondervan. Retrieved on 21 July 2011. “But Nietzsche's atheism was the most radical the world had yet seen. While the old atheism had acknowledged the need for religion, the new atheism was political activist, and jealous. One scholar observed that "atheism has become militant . . . inisisting it must be believed. Atheism has felt the need to impose its views, to forbid competing versions."”? 9.0 9.1 Harold Joseph Berman (1993). Faith and Order: The Reconciliati oyn of Law and Religion. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Retrieved on 2011-07-09. “One fundamental element of that system was its propagation of a doctrine called Marxism-Leninism, and one fundamental element of that doctrine was militant atheism. Until only a little over three years ago, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was the established church in what might be called an atheocratic state.”  ? 10.0 10.1 J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Retrieved on 2011-07-09. “For seventy years, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church. It was an avowed task of the Soviet state, led by the Communist Party, to root out from the minds and hearts of the Soviet state, all belief systems other than Marxism-Leninism.”  ? 11.0 11.1 11.2 Alister E. McGrath. The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World. Random House. Retrieved on 2011-03-05. “So was the French Revolution fundamentally atheist? There is no doubt that such a view is to be found in much Christian and atheist literature on the movement. Cloots was at the forefront of the dechristianization movement that gathered around the militant atheist Jacques Hébert. He "debaptised" himself, setting aside his original name of Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce. For Cloots, religion was simply not to be tolerated.”  ? 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gerhard Simon (1974). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R.. University of California Press. Retrieved on 2011-07-09. “On the other hand the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards 'militant atheism' as an integral part of its ideology and will regard 'religion as by no means a private matter'. It therefore uses 'the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices..' Thus it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is after all the 'guiding cell', gradually to liquidate the religious communities.”  ? 13.0 13.1 Simon Richmond (2006). Russia & Belarus. BBC Worldwide. Retrieved on 2011-07-09. “Soviet 'militant atheism' led to the closure and destruction of nearly all the mosques and madrasahs (Muslim religious schools) in Russia, although some remained in the Central Asian states. Under Stalin there were mass deportations and liquidation of the Muslim elite.” ? 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 2011-03-05. “Seeking a complete annihilation of religion, places of worship were shut down; temples, churches, and mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; sacred texts were burnt; and it was a criminal offence even to possess a religious artifact or sacred text. Atheism had long been the official doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party, but this new form of militant atheism made every effort to eradicate religion completely.”  ? Rodney Stark; Roger Finke (2000). Acts of Faith: explaining the human side of religion. University of California Press. Retrieved on 16 July 2011. “The militant atheism of the early social scientists was motivated partly by politics. As Jeffrey Hadden reminds us, the social sciences emerged as part of a new political "order that was at war with the old order" (1987, 590).”? 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ian H. Hutchinson. Ian Hutchinson on the New Atheists. BioLogos Foundation. Retrieved on 29 September 2011. “Ian Hutchinson tells us in this video discussion that New Atheism -- a term used to describe recent intellectual attacks against religion -- is actually a misnomer. It is better, he says, to call the movement “Militant Atheism”. In fact, the arguments made by New Atheists are not new at all, but rather extensions of intellectual threads which have existed since the late 19th century. The only unique quality of this movement is the degree of criticism and edge with which its members write and speak about religion. According to Hutchinson, the books written by New Atheists in the past decade simply restate many of the same arguments which have emanated from atheist thinkers for decades. The militant edge of these arguments is what makes “New” Atheism unique and elevates it to a level of popularity within a subset of the population. It is because these Militant Atheists show no respect at all for religion, says Hutchinson, that they are receiving status as a new movement.”? Simon Hooper. The rise of the 'New Atheists'. Cable News Network (CNN). Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “What the New Atheists share is a belief that religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises.” ? Amarnath Amarasingam. Religion and the New Atheism (Studies in Critical Social Sciences: Studies in Critical Research on Religion 1). Brill Academic Publishers. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “For the new atheists, tolerance of intolerance (often presented in the guise of relativism of multiculturalism) is one of the greatest dangers in contemporary society.” ? Stephen Prothero. God Is Not One: The Eight Rival Religions That Run the World--and Why Their Differences Matter. HarperOne. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “For these New Atheists and their acolytes, the problem is not religious fanaticism. The problem is religion itlself. So-called moderates only spread the "mind viruses" of religion by making them appear to be less authoritarian, misogynistic, and irrational than they actually are.” ? Baggini 2009 p. 131? Christopher Marsh. Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival. Continuum International Publishing Group. “Religious belief is quite distinct from a philosophical viewpoint, however, meaning that almost all previous studies have avoided serious consideration of the theological roots of militant atheism. While it is with Hegel that one must begin to understand Marxist philosophy, one must take a detour through the thought of Schleiermacher, Strauss, and Feuerback before coming to an understanding of Marx's and Engels's critique of religion.”? C. M. Hann (1993). Socialism: ideals, ideologies, and local practice. Psychology Press. “It may disappear from view during the apogee of Marxism-Leninism, when the old temples are likely to be sacred (though only Albania and Cambodia went so far as formally to ban traditional religion per se). When the wave of militant atheism passes and conditions permit the expression of grassroots identities once again, traditional religion may reappear with undiminished strength.”? Harold J. Berman (1998). Freedom of Religion in Russia: An Amicus Brief for the Defendant. HeinOnline. “from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church.” ? Crane Brinton (1995). A History of Civilization: 1648 to the present. Prentice Hall. ? Vitalij Lazar'evic Ginzburg (2009). On Superconductivity and Superfluidity: A Scientific Autobiography. Springer Science+Business Media. Retrieved on 2011–03–15. “The Bolshevik communists were not merely atheists but, according to Lenin's terminology, militant atheists.”? Dimitry Pospielovsky (1998). The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. “It might be expected that as a Christian leader, he would at least declare that a Christian could not vote for a party that preached and practiced genocide, whether racial or class-based, nor for a party whose ideology included a militant atheism aiming at liquidation of religion.”  ? Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities (v. 1). Springer Science+Business Media. “The militant atheism of the Soviet period put an end to the traditional beliefs, religion, and rituals of Koreans.”  ? Ruth Ellen Gruber (2007). National Geographic Jewish Heritage Travel. National Geographic Society. “But the hundreds of thousands of Jews in the Soviet sector were subject to the regime's ruthless campaign of militant atheism. Synagogues were closed, demolished, or converted for secular use, and religious life was crushed.”  ? Albert Lee (1980). Henry Ford and the Jews. Stein and Day. “The atheist Jew, Gubermann, under the name of Jaroslawski and then the leader of the militant atheists in Soviet Union, also declared: 'It is our duty to destroy every religious world concept.'”  ? (1980) World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. “A campaign of militant atheism began. Many churches – as well as synagogues, mosques, and Buddhist temples – were closed or destroyed. For example, some eight thousand Russian Orthodox churches were closed in 1937 alone.”  ? 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Berman 2009, p. 395. "Under the doctrine of separation of church and state, churches in the Soviet Union were forbidden to engage in any activities that were within the sphere of responsibilities of the state. That meant, for example, that churches could not give to the poor or carry on educational activities. They could not publish literature since all publishing was done by state agencies, although after World War II the Russian Orthodox Church was given the right to publish church calendars, a very limited number of Bibles, and a monthly journal in a limited number of copies. Churches were forbidden to hold any special meetings for children, youth or women, or any general meetings for religious study or recreation, or to open libraries or keep any books other than those necessary for the performance of worship services. Severe criminal penalties were imposed for violation of these rules. The formula of the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions was: freedom of religious worship and freedom of atheist propaganda – meaning, first no freedom of religious teaching other than the worship service itself, and second, a vigorous campaign in the schools and universities, in the press, and in special meetings organized by atheist so-called 'agitators,' to convince people of the folly of religious beliefs."? Christel Lane (1978). Christian Religion in the Soviet Union: A Sociological Study. State University of New York Press. “Militant atheist measures, both in premeditated and in unforeseen ways, have also caused far-reaching changes in the organisational structure of collectivities, in the ways they perform their religious functions and in which believers satisfy their religious requirements. In the field of organisation, most measures have had the effect of weakening or destroying central organisation and strengthening local independence and spontaneity.”  ? J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. “Churches, mosques, and synagogues were deprived of almost all activities except the conduct or worship services. Moreover, schools were not merely to avoid the teaching of religion; they were actively to promote the teaching of atheism. These doctringes were spelled out in a 1929 law that remained the basic legistlation on the subject until the Gorbachev reforms of the late 1980s. There was freedom of religious worship, but churches were forbidden to give any material aid to their memebers or charity of any kind, or to hold any special meetings for children, youth, or women, or general meetings for religious study, recreation, or any similar purpose or to open libraries or to keep any books other thanose necessary for the performance of worhsip services. The formula of the 1929 law was repeated in the 1936 Constitution and again in the 1977 Constitution: freedom of religious worship and freedom of atheist propaganda-meaning (1) no freedom of religious teaching outside of the worship service itself, plus (2) a vigorous campaign in the schools, in the press, and in special meetings organized by atheist agitators, to convice people of the folly of religious beliefs.”  ? R. J. Overy (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company. “The communist regime treated the Church as a political institution rather than as a set of beliefs. On 28 January 1918 the Russian Orthodox Church was formally separated from the state; religious belief was permitted as long as it did not threaten public order or trespass on political soil. Religious property was liquidated, and a twenty-year programme of church closures begun. Religion was banned from schools. The state and the party were officially atheist.”  ? Richard Sakwa (1999). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991. Psychology Press. “Marx's view on religion as the 'opiate of the people' under the Bolsheviks took the form a militant atheism that sought to destroy the social sources of the power of the Church, and to extirpate religious belief as a social phenomenon. Uner the slogan of separating Church and state, the Bolsheviks in effect expropriated church property and dramatically limited the Church's ability to conduct a normal religious life.”  ? J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. “Moreover, schools were not merely to avoid the teaching of religion; they were actively to promote the teaching of atheism.”  ? 37.0 37.1 Paul Froese (2008). The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization. University of California Press, 58, 79. “Militant atheists also believed that science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were inconceivable. As such, the Soviet school system consistently promoted "atheistic science" to combat the effects of religion. The curriculum of scientific atheism resembled the curriculum of scientific atheism resembled the curriculum for much of the Soviet educational system, as it was based more on memorization than critical analysis. For homework, schoolchildren were sometimes asked to convert a member of their family to atheism by reciting arguments that were intended to disprove religious beliefs. And schoolchildren often memorized antireligious rhymes, songs, and catechisms. Antireligious ideas infiltrated the most basic in unrelated topics: "Physics, biology, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, geography and literature all serve as jumping-off points to instruct pupils on the evils or falsity of religion." Although many school subjects appear unrelated to religion, Soviets believed that any intellectual activity was intrinsically opposed to religion. The Soviet educational system officially stated that "that bringing up of children in the atheist spirit" was one of its primary missions. University students were also required to actively propogate atheism and were told, "Those who refuse to make such practical application of their study [of scientific atheism] will lose their scholarships and must leave the university. Special pressure was placed on academics and scientists to join the atheist educational organization Znanie, and, b the late 1970s, for example, over 80 percent of all professors and doctors of science in Luthuania became members. The course syllabi from the atheist universities of the Soviet Union indicate how the topic of atheism was presented as a historically logical outcome of scientific development.” ? J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. “In 1960 Criminal Code of the Russian Republic imposed a fine for violating lasw of separation from the state and of the school from the church, and, for repeated violators, deprivation of freedom up to three years (Article 142). Such violations included organizing religious assemblies and processions, organizing religious instruction for minors, and preparing written materials calling for such activities. Other types of religious activities were subject to more severe sanctions: thus leaders and active participants in religious groups that caused damage to the health of citizens or violted personal rights, or that tried to persuade citizens not to participate in social activities or to perform duties of citizens, or that drew minors into such group, were punishable by deprivation of freedom up to give years (Article 277).”  ? J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte (1996). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Retrieved on 16 August 2011. “These articles of the Criminal Code were enacted as part of the severe anti-religious campaign launched under Khrushchev in the early 1960s, when an estimated 10,000 Russian Orthodox churches-half the total number-were closed, together with five of the eight insitutions for training priests, and the independence of the priesthood were curtailed both nationally and locally.”  ? Thomas Hoffmann; William Alex Pridemore (December 2003). Esau’s Birthright and Jacob’s Pottage: A Brief Look at Orthodox-Methodist Ecumenism in Twentieth-Century Russia. Demokratizatsiya. Retrieved on 19 October 2009. “One of these was the resurgence of non-Orthodox Christian confessions, including the Methodist Church – a denomination completely eradicated in Russia during the Soviet era.” ? Paul Froese (2008). The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization. University of California Press, 58, 79. “There were more than fifty thousand Orthodox priests before the Russian Revolution, and by mid-1939, there were no more than three to four hundred clergy.” ? John Meyendorff (1987). Witness to the World. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. “After having been the state religion for centuries both in Russian and in almost all the countries of Europe, Christianity suddenly was confronted with a militant atheistic system claiming to regulate not only the material, but also the spiritual life of man. The number of those who died for the faith is innumerable: in the year 1922 alone, 2691 secular priests, 1962 monks and 3447 nuns.”  Quoted from N. Struve, Christians in Russia, Harvill Press, London, 1967, p. 38? Timothy Ware (1993). The Orthodox Church. Penguin Books. “The Ottoman Turks, while non-Christians, were still worshippers of the one God and, as we have seen, allowed the Church a large measure of toleration. But Soviet Communism was committed by its fundamental principles to an aggressive and militant atheism. Not only were churches closed on a massive scale in the 1920s and 1930s, but huge numbers of bishops and clergy, monks, nuns and laity were sent to prison and to concentration camps. How many were executed or died from ill-treatment we simply cannot calculate. Nikita Struve provides a list of martyr-bishops running to 130 names, and even this he terms 'provisional and incomplete'. The sum total of priest-martyrs must extend into tens of thousands.”  ? R.J. Rummel (1993). Death By Government. Transaction Publishers. “With this understood, the Soviet Union appears the greatest megamurderer of all, apparently killing near 61,000,000 people.”? Reuel R. Hanks (21 October 2010). Global Security Watch--Central Asia. ABC-CLIO, 46. “In an extreme case from the 1920s, the government promoted the khudjum campaign, a movement that encouraged women to voluntarily discard the paranja, as the veil is called in the Turkic-speaking regions, but also brought gangs of militant young atheists to Central Asia who physically assaulted women, often tearing the veil from their faces in the streets of Tashkent, Samarkand, and other cities.” ? Robert S. Wistrich (1995). Terms of Survival: the Jewish World since 1945. Psychology Press. “Anti-Semitism, too, was relatively mild in the USSR during these interim post-Stalin years, despite the militant atheistic campaigns against the Jewish religion and the implication of Jews in economic crimes under Khruschev.” ? 47.0 47.1 David Singer (1998). American Jewish Year, Book 1998. Amer Jewish Committee. “For most Soviet Jews, raised in an atmosphere of militant atheism, Judaism was inaccessible; and so the Soviet Jewish renaissance focused instead on national identity. Israel and its military victories, especially the Six Day War, emboldened thousands of young Jews to form the Soviet Union's only mass, nationwide, dissident movement.” ? De James Thrower (1983). Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR. Walter de Gruyter. “In the pre-war period the emphasis was on 'practical atheism' – the more so as Stalin, the sole arbiter in such matters had not made a single theoretical pronouncement on religion or the study of religion – and 'practical atheism' meant schools from the propagation of atheism, the administrative elimination of the clergy, atheist museums where churches had once stood, and a continuous stream of hate-propaganda designed to terrorise the faithful into submission.”  ? A short history of Soviet socialism, p. 126. ISBN 9781857283556? Orthodox Christianity and Militant Atheism in the Twentieth Century? 51.0 51.1 Paul Kurtz, Vern L. Bullough, Tim Madigan (1994). Toward a New Enlightenment: the philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Books. “There have been fundamental and irreconcilable differences between humanists and atheists, particularly Marxist-Leninists. The defining characteristic of humanism is its commitment to human freedom and democracy; the kind of atheism practiced in the Soviet Union has consistently violated basic human rights.” ? Allan Todd, Sally Waller (2011). Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single Party States. Cambridge University Press. “By the time of the Nazi invasion in 1941, nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslims mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.” ? Allan Todd, Sally Waller. "Crispin Paine". Present Pasts 1. http://presentpasts.info/index.php/pp/article/viewFile/pp.13/19. "By the time of the Nazi invasion in 1941, nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslims mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.". ? Freidrich Engels Encyclopedia Britannica 2008. ? John F. Pollard (2001). Benedict XV: the unknown pope and the pursuit of peace p. 199.? Edward Craig. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. “Lenin, leader of the October 1917 Revolution in Russia, wrote mainly about politics and economics, but as a Marxist of his generation he assumed that ideas about society needed to rest on sound philosophical premises. He was a militant atheist.”  ? On the Significance of Militant Materialism Lenin 1922 ? ?????? "?????????", ??????, ???? (Bezbozhnik Magazine, Moscow, USSR). The page is in UTF-8 encoding. The caption to the front page picture of the No. 1 issue, by Dmitry Moor, shown in the article, is "We've finished with the earthly kings – now it's time to take care of the heavenly ones!" ? Alexandre A. Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush (1980). Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World. University of Chicago Press. “In disgrace after Sultan Galiev's trial in 1928, he was, until his final purge in 1937, chairman of the Tatar Union of Militant Godless.”  ? Michael Kemper; Stephan Conermann (2011). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Taylor & Francis. “The League of the Militant Godless and the Knowledge Society conducted anti-religious propaganda at the grassroots level.”  ? Sabrina P. Ramet (1993). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. “Local public and voluntary organisations – the Komsomol, the Young Pioneers, workers' Clubs and, of course, the League of Militant Atheists – were encouraged to undertake a whole range of anti-religious initiatives: promoting the observance of the five day working week, ensuring that priests did not visit believers in their homes, supervising the setting-up of cells of the League of Militant Atheists in the army. Public lampoons and blasphemous parades, recalling the early 1920s, were resumed from 1928. One of the main activities of the League of Militant Atheists was the publication of massive quantities of anti-religious literature, comprising regular journals and newspapers as well as books and pamphlets. The number of printed pages rose from 12 million in 1927 to 800 million in 1930.” ? William G. Rosenberg (1990). Bolshevik Visions: First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, Part 1. University of Michigan Press. “The publication in 1923 of Yaroslavsky's response to Khegund (see below), signalled the beginning of an organized ant-religious movement. Many in the party still urged caution; the "League of Militant Atheists, formally the a "private union" rather than a party body, was not permitted to function until 1925.” ? M. Searle Bates (2005). Religious Liberty: An Inquiry. Kessinger Publishing Company. “On the other hand, the League of Militant Atheists reported for 1932 an organization of 80,000 cells with 7,000,000 members, besides 1,500,000 children in affiliated groups.” ? ???? ???????????? ??????????? (Union of the Militant Atheists) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia ? Joseph Pearce (2011). Solzhenitsyn: A Soul in Exile. Ignatius Press. “In the years immediately before and after the Revolution, the church was shunned and subjected to ridicule by young people and the intelligentsia. Solzhenitsyn rememberd how many fiery adherents were claimed by militant atheism in the 1920s. "Those who went on rampages, blew out candles, and smashed icons with axes have now crumbled into dust, like their Union of the Militant Godless."” ? "??????", ?????????? ???????? (The All-Union "Knowledge" Society) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia ? 67.0 67.1 John Anderson (1994). Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge University Press. “Finally, various public organisations were drawn into the struggle against religion, most notably the Znanie Society. Formed in 1947, in large part as a successor to the disbanded League of the Militant Godless, the society had begun to expand its work beyond the narrowly anti-religious. In September 1959 it at last produced the first copy of the monthly atheist magazine Nauka i religiya. The unusual decision to commence publication part way through the year perhaps suggested the increasing degree of urgency in anti-religious campaigning. The first editorial reflected this mood in describing the journal as 'a fighting organ of militant atheism' and in its rejection of the view that religion would disappear 'of itself.'” ? Helge Kragh (2008). Entropic Creation. Ashgate Publishing. “In the attempts to establish an ideologically acceptable view of science, the new physics became a matter of considerable controversy in the young Soviet Union. Physicists and party philosophers discussed the problematic relationship of relativity theory and quantum mechanics to Marxist-Leninist philosophy.” ? Paul Froese (2008). The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization. University of California Press, 58, 79. “Militant atheists also believed that science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were inconceivable. The course syllabi from the atheist universities of the Soviet Union indicate how the topic of atheism was presented as a historically logical outcome of scientific development; Soviet college students chose from the following course selections: Physics...Chemistry...Geology...Mathematics...Biology...Medicine...What stands out in these syllabi, in addition to the antireligious substance of each course, is the way in which the curriculum appears to ignore the objective, applied, and experimental essence of science. Instead, scientific findings are presented as correct or incorrect based on their supposed ideological positions. Religion is presented as the historic cofounder of scientific advancement, with atheism providing the phislosophical framework from which to conduct accurate science.” ? Paul Froese (2008). The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization. University of California Press, 58, 79. “Militant atheists also believed science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were scientifically inconceivable. Following World War II and after the dissolution of the League of Militant Atheists, Soviet officials started a campaign to produce natural-scientific arguments against belief in God. For instance, Soviet scientists placed holy water under a microscope to prove that it had no special properties, and the corpses of saints were exhumed to demonstrate that they too were subject to corruption. These activities indicated that atheist propgandists held a very literal interpretation of religious language; for them, holy water and the bodies of saints were expected to hold some physical sign of their divinity.” ? Christian De Duve (2002). Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning. Oxford University Press. “Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, a naturalistic view of the origin of life does not necessarily exlude beleif in a Creator. The notion, propagated at the same time, though for opposite reasons, by militant atheistic scientists and by many antiscientific circles, that the findings of science are incompatible with the existence of a Creator is false.” ? Bruce Sheiman (2009). An Atheist Defends Religion: Why Humanity is Better Off with Religion Than Without It. Penguin Books. “The militant atheist asserts, incorrectly, that science is capable of determining the nonexistence of God.” ? Madalyn Murray O'Hair. The Atheist World. Kessinger Publishing. “This is a listing of the great and near great compiled by Joseph McCabe, ex-Roman Catholic priest and militant Atheist of early in this century.”  ? Joseph McCabe (2010). Is the Position of Atheism Growing Stronger?. Kessinger Publishing. “For the news is spreading, and is triumphing even over reactionary opposition that Russia is doing the finest and soundest reconstructive work of our time, and it is doing this, not only without God, but on a basis of militant atheism.” ? Christopher Hitchens (2005). Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism. Public Broadcasting Service. “One of Lenin's great achievements, in my opinion, is to create a secular Russia. The power of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was an absolute warren of backwardness and evil and superstition, is probably never going to recover from what he did to it.”? Earle E. Cairns (1996). Christianity through the centuries: a History of the Christian Church. Zondervan. “The failure of militant atheism to eradicate Christianity; the persistence of belief in God, which approximately half of the Russian people expressed in the 1937 census; and the threatening international situation dictated the need for a strategic retreat after 1939. Churches were reopened, the antireligious carnivals were dropped, and the teaching of atheism in schools was abandoned. In 1943 Sergius was permitted to function as the patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. The seven-day week was restored, seminaries were permitted to reopen, and the Orthodox church was freed of many burdensome restrictions.”  ? John W. Garver (2006). China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World. University of Washington Press. “Post-Soviet Central Asia witnessed a swift revival of Islam. The collapse of Soviet power lifted a seventy-year-long reign of militant atheism and opened the way to reemergence of the long-suppressed Islamic faith of the Central Asian peoples.” ? 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 NMI (2011). Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Ceskoslovensku – Barbarská noc (“Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night”). Nation's Memory Institute. “Už pred rokom 1948 považovali ceskoslovenskí komunisti rehole za dôležitý náboženský organizmus, ktorý neželatelne vplýva na obyvatelstvo a usmernuje ho. Po uchopení moci komunistickou stranou vo februári 1948 sa mohli ich plány namierené proti reholiam uskutocnit. Prvé zásahy voci jednotlivým kláštorom sa objavovali už od leta 1948, kedy boli tieto, pod zámienkou že sú centrami protiÅ¡tátnej cinnosti, likvidované. Hoci ich nebolo vela, naznacovali smer, ktorým sa bude vývoj uberat. Realizácia plánov, ktoré Å¡tátna moc s reholami mala, sa kvôli iným akciám (ako bola napr. schizmatická Katolícka akcia v júni 1949, príprava tzv. cirkevných zákonov na jesen 1949) mohla uskutocnit až v prvej polovici roku 1950. ...Po akcii „K“ sa v noci z 3. na 4. mája 1950 uskutocnila aj akcia „K2“, v rámci ktorej boli obsadené aj zvyÅ¡né mužské kláštory. Týmito dvoma zásahmi bolo na Slovensku postihnutých 1180 reholníkov z 15 reholí, žijúcich v 76 kláštoroch. Po týchto dvoch akciách boli reholníci na Slovensku sústredení do kláštorov v Muceníkoch (dnes Mocenok), Hronskom Benadiku, Podolínci, Kostolnej a v Báci. Režim v tzv. sústredovacích kláštoroch sa riadil podla pravidiel blízkych väznici. Popri práci (lepenie vrecúšok, preberanie šípok, stolárske a krajcírske práce, práce v polnohospodárstve) mali reholníci vyhradený cas na politickú prevýchovu. Komunikácia s vonkajším svetom bola úplne vylúcená, alebo sa obmedzovala na minimum. Najprísnejší režim bol v kláštore v Podolínci, kde sa nachádzal najväcší pocet reholníkov. Objekt bol strážený ozbrojenou strážou so psami, pricom na strážnu službu boli urcovaní strážcovia z Leopoldova a iných väzníc. Na budove kláštora boli postupne zamrežované okná a inÅ¡talovaný ostatný drôt. Na nádvorí bola vybudovaná strážna veža a okolie bolo v noci osvetlované reflektormi. Reholníci, ktorí poruÅ¡ili predpísaný poriadok boli trestaní samoväzbou v pivnici.... V týchto kláštoroch sa akcia zopakovala v noci za asistencie prísluÅ¡níkov Zboru národnej bezpecnosti, Ludových milícií a Å tátnej bezpecnosti. V akcii „R“ bolo v dnoch 28. – 31. augusta 1950 sústredených 1962 reholnícok a obsadených 137 objektov. Reholnícky boli sústredené v 16 sústredovacích kláštoroch. ... Po obsadení kláštorov boli neÅ¡etrným zaobchádzaním zo strany Å¡tátnych orgánov znicené knižnice a rozkradnuté mnohé vzácne rukopisy, tlace, obrazy a nábytok. Samotné budovy získali najmä krajské a miestne národné výbory, rôzne administratívne úrady, telovýchovné spolky, detské domovy a pod. Komunistická Å¡tátna moc nazerala na rehole ako na nebezpecného ideologického nepriatela, ktorý má znacný vplyv na masy. IÅ¡lo vÅ¡ak aj o hnutelný a nehnutelný majetok, ktorý rehole spravovali. V správe pre politický sekretariát ÚV KSC, ktorá bilancovala získané materiálne hodnoty, bol výsledok akcie oznacený za najväcší majetkový presun od privlastnenia majetku Nemcov, „znárodnenia“ a pozemkovej reformy. Inak povedané, iÅ¡lo o rozsahom tretiu najväcÅ¡iu krádež od roku 1945. Najbolestnejším dôsledkom zásahov vÅ¡ak boli strastiplné osudy tisícok reholníkov a reholnícok, ktorí sa na niekolko desatrocí stali prenasledovanou skupinou obcanov.”? NMI (2011). Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Ceskoslovensku – Barbarská noc, výpovede svedkov (“Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night, reports of witnesses”). Nation's Memory Institute. “Ciže tá Barbarská noc bola naozaj barbarská, pretože v tom case, ked sme my takto nacvicovali pokrokové pesnicky, tak v tom case v nákladiakoch odvážali knižnice z týchto inÅ¡titúcií, z kláštorov, z rôznych inÅ¡titútov, odvážali ich do zberu, do fabriky, kde ich zomleli a urobili z nich kartón. Takže to, co sa neudialo, ja viem napríklad, že potom, co eÅ¡te spomeniem, že v Rajhrade nám vraveli ludia z Rajhradu, že tamojÅ¡ia knižnica, ktorá bola jedna z najstarších knižníc vôbec na území Ciech a Moravy. Za tatárskych pádov, ba aj za tureckého vpádu, ked sa dostali Turci až potial, knižnica nebola znicená a Tatári reÅ¡pektovali tzv. bielych mníchov, ktorí im pomáhali liecit a podobne. Až teraz bola táto knižnica zlikvidovaná, tým, že ju odviezli za onej Barbarskej noci, ciže to nie je nijakým zvelicovaním, ak sa táto noc likvidácie kláštorov nazve, Barbarskou nocou. Tolko Å¡kôd na kultúrnych pamiatkach sa zaiste málokedy v histórii udialo.”? 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 Slavka, M. et al. (1994). NaÅ¡e korene. Vznik a vývoj prebudeneckého hnutia na Slovensku. Bratislava: Nádej. “R.1957 Å¡tátna bezpecnost zatkla MiloÅ¡a Rataja, vysokoÅ¡koláka v KoÅ¡iciach. Bol to syn Jána Rataja – ucitela a básnika. Tento s niekolkými spolužiakmi v internáte sa tajne stretávali, aby rozprávali o Božom slove a spolu sa aj modlili. Niekto ich udal, a bolo z toho velké vyÅ¡etrovanie a súdny proces. Vo Východoslovenských novinách sa objavili clánky „Jed v pozlátku“ (1951 c.41), „Sekty hubia mysel mládeže“, „Na margo procesu s modrokrižiakmi“. Bola to príprava na rozšírenie procesu v Bratislave, kde v roku 1959 zatkli bratov: Ing. O. Luptáka, Ing. Vl. Mateja, J. Rosu a J. Hollého zo Starej Turej. Súdne pojednávanie bolo neverejné (sept. 1959). Hlavnou vinou obžalovaných bolo, že rozÅ¡irovali ako clenovia Modrého kríža nepriatelskú krestanskú ideológiu, ktorá je v rozpore s vedeckou marxistickou ideológiou a teda sú vlastne nepriatelmi socializmu. Preto ich odsúdili podla paragrafu o podvracaní republiky. Súcasne im zabavili krestanskú literatúru, hlavne od Kristíny Royovej, osobnú koreÅ¡pondenciu a písacie stroje.” ? International Blue Cross (2012). About us. IFBC. “The International Federation of the Blue Cross - henceforth referred to as 'International Blue Cross' - is an independent, non-governmental health development organisation, caring for alcohol and drug dependent people and their families. It was established in 1886 in Geneva, Switzerland, and is presently made up of more than a thousand health professionals around the world. ...Who we are: Forty-two national Blue Cross organizations across the world that are independent, non-denominational Christian organizations.)”? Trúsik, Pavol (2/2011). Kristína Royová – slovenský Kierkegaard? (Kristína Royová – Slovak Kierkegaard?). Ostium, Internet journal for humanitarian science. Retrieved on 2011-08-19. “Na záver možno o Royovej povedat, že bola akýmsi slovenským variantom Kierkegaarda...”? 83.0 83.1 Mark Avrum Ehrlich (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. “1929 Soviet authorities establish a branch of the Militant Atheist-Marxist Association in Kyrgyzstan. More than 1,800 clerics – priests, rabbis, and mullahs – are denied their electoral rights. Nevertheless, Jews attempt to observe Jewish religious traditions in secret.” ? Mihaela Robila (2004). Families in Eastern Europe. Emerald Group Publishing. “During several decades of state-sponsored 'militant atheism,' drastic methods were used to suppress and prohibit any expression of religious life. There was a forcible destruction of religious monuments, liquidation of churches, and mass deportation to Siberia of religious people and believers of different religions.” ? Mark Bevir (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. “Moreover, materialism simultaneously was expected to undermine religious faith, and the philosophes, despite their wide variety of religious views, were charged with a militant atheism bent on the destruction of church and throne alike. As these pillars of traditional society were under attack, Counter-Enlightenment writers predicted horrific scenes of anarchy, chaos, perversion, and bloodshed. When the French Revolution culminated in regicide and the Reign of Terror, the bloody warnings of the anti-philosophes suddenly appeared prophetic.” ? Timothy Ferris (2008). The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature. Harper. “Locked up in the Luxembourg prison, he passed the time debating religion with his friend Anacharsis Cloots, a militant atheist, until Cloots was guillotined on March 24.” ? John Keane (2003). Tom Paine: A Political Life. Harper. “nvariably, their conversations turned into heated arguments, with Paine resisting the militant atheism of Cloots, who regularly called himself “Jesus Christ's personal enemy” and berated Paine “for his credulity in still indulging so many religious and political prejudices."” ? Jean-Pierre Gross (1997). Fair Shares for All: Jacobin Egalitarianism in Practice. Cambridge University Press. “It is not without significance in this regard that, while many of the confirmed terrorists were militant atheists, who took naturally to blasphemy and adhered to the dechristianisation movement in the autumn and winter of 1793, the moderates were often deists who shared Robespierre's and Tom Paine's belief in the usefulness of religion.” ? Christine L. Krueger; George Stade; Karen Karbiener; Book Builders Llc (COR). Encyclopædia of British Writers: 19th and 20th Centuries. Infobase Publishing. “Holcroft, Thomas (1745–1809) playwright, novelist A militant atheist and a fervent believer in the individual's capacity for self-improvement, he was drawn into a circle of political and social radicals that included Thomas Paine, John Tooke, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.” ? 90.0 90.1 James Gray. Review of The French Revolution and the London Stage 1789–1805, by George Taylor. Cambridge University Press. “In two chapters devoted to reactions of the English stage to the Reign of Terror in France, Taylor notes that Thomas Holcroft (1745–1809), a militant atheist and a pro-Revolutionary zealot, helped to found in 1792 the London Corresponding Society, whose main aim was to connect with radical elements in Paris in the same year.”? China in the 21st century. Oxford University Press. “China is still officially an atheist country, but many religions are growing rapidly, including evangelical Christianity (estimates of how many Chinese have converted to some form of Protestantism range widely, but at least tens of millions have done so) and various hybrid sects that combine elements of traditional creeds and belief systems (Buddhism mixed with local folk cults, for example).” ? The State of Religion Atlas. Simon & Schuster. “Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.” ? João de Pina Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: Person, Culture, and Emotion in Macao. Berg. ISBN 0826457495. “These statistics could be interpreted to mean that the policies of militant atheism furthered by the Chinese Communist regime affected the population that arrived in the Territory after 1976.” ? Graham Hutchings (15 October 2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674012402. “The problem for Beijing is that these homelands constitute strategic border regions containing valuable natural resources. The central government's determination to control such territories, coupled with the militant atheism at the heart of its ideology, has often made a powder keg of relations between the Han and the non-Han in west China.” ? 95.0 95.1 95.2 The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. “As soon as the PRC was established, militant atheism compelled the party to impose control and limitations on religious suppliers. Foreign missionaries, who were considered a part of Western imperialism, were expelled, and cultic or heterodox sects that were regarded as reactionary organizations (fandong hui dao men), were banned. Further, major religions – Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, which were difficult to eliminate and possesed diplomatic value for the isolated regime – were co-opted into national associations.” ? (1999) Encyclopedia of Genocide, Volume I. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0874369282. “As for the communists, from their very formation as a Party on the Soviet model (with the help of Soviet advisors), the Chinese communists used the same kind of repression and terror employed by the Chinese nationalists. They executed so-called counterrevolutionaries, nationalist sympathizers, and other political opponents. Up to 1 October 1949, when Mao Tse-tung officially proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC), the communists, acting as the de facto government of the regions they controlled, killed from almost 1,800,000 to almost 11,700,000 people, most likely close to 3,500,000.” ? 97.0 97.1 Bryan S. Turner. Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. Cambridge University Press. “The contrast between religion in American and militant atheism in China could not have been more stark or profound. While the Red Guards under Mao Zedong's leadership were busy destroying Buddhist pagodas, Catholic churches and Daoist temples, the Christian Right were equally busy condemning the communists.” ? Robert Stearns (1 October 2011). No, We Can't: Radical Islam, Militant Secularism and the Myth of Coexistence. Chosen Books. ISBN 0800795202. “Reputable sources estimate the death toll in twentieth-century China to be as high as forty million, attributed directly to Mao Tse-Tung's "Great Leap Forward."” ? Julie Ching (1 January 2001). The Falun Gong: Religious and political implications. American Asian Review. Retrieved on 28 July 2011. “Now, Jiang is emphasizing the need for people, especially party members, to study politics. He accepts the threat of Falun Gong as an ideological one: spiritual beliefs against militant atheism and historical materialism. He wishes to purge the government and the military of such beliefs. His decision is in line with the suspicion of religious protest by the traditional Chinese state. As it turns out, the government's campaign against "evil cults" includes popular folk cults, as well as underground Christians-Catholics and Protestants who meet at house churches.”? Fengang Yang (2004). "Between Secularist Ideology and Desecularizing Reality: The Birth and Growth of Religious Research in Communist China". Sociology of religion: 101. "Under the ride of the Chinese Communist Party, the scholarship of religious research in China has changed from virtual nonexistence in the first thirty years (1949–1979) to flourishing in the reform era (1979–present). Moreover, the predominant view on religion has moved away from militant atheism to a more scientific, objective and consequently more balanced approach to religion. This paper attempts to trace this intellectual history in China and to examine the role of academia in the religious scene. There are three distinct periods in this development: the domination of atheism from 1949 to 1979, the birth of religious research in the 1980s, and the growth of the scholarship in the 1990s, despite political restrictions. Religious research was intended by the government to serve atheist propaganda, but it grew into an independent academic discipline responsive to the desecularizing reality.". ? Stephan Palmié (7 June 2013). The Cooking of History. University of Chicago Press. “For had it not been for the post-1959 exodus from the island-fueled in part by the policies of "militant atheism" adopted by the Cuban state between the late 1960s and late 1980s-that spread Afro-Cuban religious practices across much of the western world, chances are that the event at which Prieto uttered such momentous words might never have taken place (Argyriadis 2005, Argyriadis and Capone 2004, Capone 2010, Frigeriod 2004).” ? 102.0 102.1 (1 May 2001) Cuba: Foreign Policy & Government Guide, Volume 1. International Business Publications. “Officially, Cuba has been an atheist state for most of the Castro era. In 1962, the government of Fidel Castro seized and shut down more than 400 Catholic schools, charging that they spread dangerous beliefs among the people. In 1991, however, the Communist Party lifted its prohibition against religious believers seeking membership, and a year later the constitution was amended to characterize the state as secular instead of atheist.” ? Robert Service (2007). Comrades! A History of World Communism. Harvard University Press. “The Cuban clergy naturally felt hostile to the policies of militant atheism. Castro for his part arrested priests who refused to hold their tongues about his regime. He was less hard on the indigenous religious traditions unassociated in their origins with Christianity.” ? John Lynch (1 Jaunary 2012). New Worlds: A Religious History of Latin America. Yale University Press. “In February 1986 the Encuentro Nacional Eclesial Cubano, the first national conclave was attended by Cardinal Eduardo Pironio, representing the Vatican, and several United States and Latin American bishops. It expressed support 'for the socialist objectives of the Cuban revolution, though not for the programme of the Communist Party' and praised the social advances of the Cuban system, perpetuating the illusion that this was a social revolution gone wrong. A number of requests were made, at odds with the initial premises. First there should be respect for religious beliefs and an end to the militant atheism in Cuba's school curriculum. There should be greater access to the medial for Catholic groups.” ? (08 October 2010) Cubans Flock To Evangelism To Fill Spiritual Vacuum. National Public Radio. “At the height of Cuba's militant atheism in the late 1960s and early '70s, religious believers were fired from their jobs and sent to labor camps for "re-education."” ? (1999) CubaINFO, Volume 11. Cuban Studies Program at Johns Hopkins University. “But Cubans continue to be largely atheist or followers of Afro-Cuban religions.” ? Gonzalo Fernández (6 November 2009). Cuba's Primer - Castro's Earring Economy. “In Cuba, with the imposition of communistic-atheism, people started naming their children with non-Christian names. Many men and women, among the younger generation of Cubans, have creatively assigned names starting with the letter "Y". For instance, the names of two young Cuban baseball players are Yunei Escobar, with the Atlanta Braves, and Yuniesky Betancourt, with the Seattle Mariners. One Cuban boxer, now in the United States is named Yan Barthelemy. (All of them recently defected from Cuba).” ? (1 April 2012) Cuba Like a local Michelin Guide 2012-2013. Michelin Travel & Lifestyle. “In the 1990s, with the economic crisis and the questioning of political ideals, many people sought social and moral support from the Church and its charity work. The renewed vitality of Roman Catholicism forced authorities to adopt a more flexible stance. There were numerous signs of this detente. In 1992 Fidel Castro official renounced the atheism of the State and allowed foreign priests to come to Cuba.” ? Dennis Johnson, Joe Musser (1 January 2012). How the World Learns. David C Cook. “...the ruling Communist party had changed the country's constitution. The revolutionists had referred to Cuba as an “atheist” nation when it changed the constitution, but more recently it was changed to a "secular nation"—a dramatic reversal of perception and attitude.” ? Rodney Stark "Atheism, Faith and the Social Scientific Study of Religion" Journal of Contemporary Religion Vol 14 No 1 1999, pp. 41–62. ? Laurel Brake, Marysa Demoor (2009). Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. “A well-set Sunday weekly* selling for 1 d, the Secular Review's stance was representative of a relatively moderate style of Secularism, sympathetic to socialism and aligned against the individualism and militant atheism of Charles Bradlaugh and his National Reformer. In its discussion of religion, philosophy, ethics, science and history, and in reviewing Secularism and 'what purports to be so, and is not', the title's stated domain of inquiry was 'this world, without implying disregard or denial of another' (Holyoake 1876).” ? Craig Ott; Harold A. Netland (2006). Globalizing Theology: Belief and Practice in an Era of World Christianity. Baker Academic. “She was a close friend and coworker of Charles Bradlaugh, the militant atheist and first president of the National Secular Society (set up in 1866), and helped to edit his journal, the National Reformer.” ? James Richard Moore (2002). History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene. Cambridge University Press. “Though at first allied with the militant atheist Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91) and his National Secular Society (NSS), the elder Watts refused in 1877 to defend Bradlaugh's right to republish Knowlton's Fruits of Philosophy, a pamphlet on on birth control.” ? Bryan S. Turner (2011). Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State. Cambridge University Press. “Secularism, when under the inspiration of militant atheists such as Charles Bradlaugh, Member of Parliament for Northhampton in Great Britan, assumed a more striden, uncrompromising and critical relationship to religious belief.”  ? Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Agnostics. American Atheist Online Services. Retrieved on 2011-03-05. “Charles Bradlaugh was the first militant Atheist in the history of Western civilization. He was elected to the British parliament six times, and each time that body refused to seat him because he was an Atheist – and because he would not swear his allegiance to queen and country, so help him "God." Everyone in England knew Bradlaugh and his fight, and he raised the issue of Atheism to every person in public life as he sought allies.” ? Ian Hill Nish, Hugh Cortazzi (2003). Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits. Psychology Press. “At South Place, Robert Young also came to know Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91), the first militant Atheist.” ? The Debate Between Feuerbach and Stirner: An Introduction, in The Philosophical Forum 8, numbers 2–4, (1976) – available on the web here ? Annie Wood Besant (2003). Theosophist Magazine Collection 1920–1955. Kessinger Publishing. “Madame Blavatsky, a Russian, suspected of being a spy, converted Anglo-Indians to a passionate belief in her Theosophy mission, even when the Jingo fever was the hottest, and in her declining years she succeeded in winning over to the new-old religion Annie Besant, who had for years fought in the forefront of the van of militant atheism.” ? Joel H. Spring (2001). Globalization and educational rights: an intercivilizational analysis. Psychology Press. “Annie Besant had an important influence on Nehru's family and on social reform in India. Born in 1847, she was known in England as 'Red Annie' because of her activities as a militant atheist, socialist, and trade union organizer.”  ? S. W. Jackman, Sydney Wayne Jackman (2003). Deviating voices: women and orthodox religious tradition. James Clarke & Co.. “The final chapter of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's life was to be shared with the individual who probably became her most famous disciple, namely, Annie Besant, who had had two children while married to an Anglican clergyman, but was now a militant atheist and radical.” ? Gerard Mannion (2003). Schopenhauer, religion and morality: the humble path to ethics. Ashgate Publishing. “This work challenges the textbook assessment of Schopenhauer as militant atheist and absolute pessimist.” ? Jean-François Marmontel (1895). Marmontel's Moral Tales. Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.. “It certainly stopped altogether short of the militant atheism of the Holbachian coterie; and it may be doubtful whether, except in the ardour of the novitiate, it reached Voltaire's dislike of positive creeds.” ? 123.0 123.1 Gerald Robert McDermott (2000). Jonathan Edwards Confronts the Gods: Christian Theology, Enlightenment Religion, and Non-Christian Faiths. Oxford University Press. “The Holbachians were disciples of Baron d'Holbach, a militant atheist who opposed both Christianity and desim (because it was theistic).”  ? Hyam Maccoby (2006). Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity. Psychology Press. “The Holbachians formed a considerable atheistic movement, which specialized in attacking Judaism as a means of denigrating its offshoot Christianity.” ? George Weigel (1992). The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism. Oxford University Press. “As his former colleague and biographer Andrzej Micewiski puts it, Cardinal Wyszynski decided, during his imprisonment, "to defend the faith of the nation against militant atheism by means of the power of the Virgin Mary." Crushed under two totalitarianisms since 1939, "the national and the Church would be that the country be freed from unwanted, imposed political submission," through the intercession of the Holy Mother.” ? Herbert Wallace Schneider (1964). Religion in 20th Century America. Athenæum. “For behind the theoretical formulations lie several important legal decisions and group conflicts, all of which tended to weaken the position of the few remaining militant atheists or freethinkers and of the many anticlericals...” ? Will Herberg (1983). Protestant, Catholic, Jew: an essay in American religious sociology. University of Chicago Press. “Herbert W. Schneider speaks of the 'dwindling band of radical secularists' and the 'few remaining militant atheists and freethinkers' (Herbert Wallace Schneider, Religion in 20th Century America [Harvard, 1952], pp. 32, 31, 65).”  ? 128.0 128.1 (2004) Fascism: Post-war fascisms. Taylor & Francis. “Mussolini did not have any philosophy: he only had rhetoric. He was a militant atheist at the beginning and alter signed the Convention with the Church and welcomed the bishops who blessed the Fascist pennants. In his early anticerlical years, according to a likely legend, he once asked God, in order to prove His existence, to strike him down on the spot.” ? United States. Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education (1962). Ideas in Conflict: Writing about the Great Issues of Civilization. Wadsworth Publishing. “He became a militant atheist at an early age and throughout his life, flouted the conventions of Christain morality.” ? William Henry Chamberlin (1941). The World's Iron Age. The Macmillan Company. “Fascism, according to the former militant atheist Mussolini, 'respects the God of the ascetics, of the saints, of the heroes and also God as prayed to by the primitive heart of the people.'” ? Maxine Block, E. Mary Trow (1942). Current Biography: Who's News and Why, 1942. H. W. Wilson Company. “It was also pointed out that Mussolini had been a militant atheist and that the accord with the Pope was one the latter would one day regret, although the Catholic Church had supported the crusade for nationalism and "against Bolshevism.” ? Alfred Mitchell Bingham (1942). Man's estate: adventures in economic discovery. W. W. Norton & Company. “Mussolini was a militant atheist, a militant republican, and a militant Marxist, before he became a fascist.” ? Jasper Godwin Ridley (2000). Mussolini: a biography. Cooper Square Press. “Mussolini, like all the Socialists of the Romagna, had adopted the militant atheism of the Italian Socialist movement.”  ? (2002) Five Moral Pieces. Mariner Books. “He started out as a militant atheist, only to sign the Concordat with the Church and to consort with the bishops who blessed the Fascist banners.” ? New Atheist Novel: Fiction, Philosophy and Polemic after 9/11. Continuum International Publishing Group. Retrieved on 2011-03-05. “As we will see, all four have expressed support - whether enthusiastically or more guardedly - for the New Atheism in one form or another: McEwan and Amis have written and spoken admirably of Dawkins, Dennett, Hitchens and Harris on many occasions; Pullman has published an appreciative essay on Dawkins whereas Rushdie has made public comments in support of Hitchens. However, the New Atheist novel is much more than simply a fictionalization of the peculiar cluster of beliefs - militant atheism, evolutionary biology, neuroscience and even political Neo-Conservatism - that make up the New Atheist creed.” ? Elaine A. Heath (2008). Mystic Way of Evangelism. Baker Academic. “Richard Dawkins's Foundation for Reason and Science is out to debunk religion, which Dawkins calls "the God delusion." His book of the same title is a best seller, and Dawkins is not alone. Sam Harris, Daniel C. Dennett, Victor J. Stenger, and Christopher Hitchens are only a handful of militant atheists who are convinced Christianity is toxic to human life.”? 137.0 137.1 Marcelo Gleiser (2010). A Tear at the Edge of Creation. Simon & Schuster. “Scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, philosopher Daniel Dennett, and British journalist and polemicist Christopher Hitchens, a group sometimes referred to as "the Four Horsemen," have taken the offensive, deeming religious belief a form of "delusion," a dangerous kind of collective madness that has wreaked havoc upon the world for millennia. Their rhetoric is the emblem of a militant radical atheism, a view I believe is as inflammatory and intolerant as that of the religious fundamentalists they criticize.”? 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 Fiala, Andrew. "Militant atheism, pragmatism, and the God-shaped hole". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 65 (3): 139–151. http://www.springerlink.com/content/qp43432050116373/. ? 139.0 139.1 Michael Babcock (2008). Unchristian America. Tyndale House. “The change in tone is most evident in the writings of the so-called New Atheists – Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens – men who have been trying to accelerate a process that's been under way for centuries.”? Bass, Thomas A. (1994). Reinventing the future: Conversations with the World's Leading Scientists. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-62642-1. “I am a fairly militant atheist, with a fair degree of active hostility toward religion. I certainly was hostile toward it at school, from the age of about sixteen onwards. I mellowed a bit in my twenties and thirties. But I'm getting more militant again now.” ? Brian Mountford. Christian Atheist: Belonging Without Believing. John Hunt Publishing. “Paul 'There's a third description of Christian Atheism you might call 'anti-militant-atheism.' That's to say, an atheism with different priorities from Dawkins or Hitchens; a position that doesn't regard trying to convince people that God doesn't exist as the most important intellectual task in our society. Under the cateogry of anti-militant-atheism you would be saying that religious belief doesn't hold up anything important enough to justify Dawkins in refuting it. So to people like Dawkins and Hitchens one is inclined to say, get a life. Their militant atheism is unattractive and extreme, in such a way that I might be tempted to soften it by taking a halfway position.'” ? (2007) Studies: an Irish quarterly review. Talbot Press. “The leader of militant atheism in this part of the world is Richard Dawkins, a zoologist by training, who holds a chair founded for him at Oxford University.” ? Gillian Greenwood. The Literary Review. Fairleigh Dickinson University. “Yet there is something wrong with Dawkins. He has an obsessive hatred of God or, as he would put it, the idea of God and those who propagate the idea. His life is dominated by his militant atheism.” ? William H. Swatos, Daniel V. A. Olson (2000). The Secularization Debate. Rowman & Littlefield. “But, aren't some scientists militant atheists who write books to discredit religion – Richard Dawkins and Carl Sagan for example? Of course. But, it also is worth note that most of those, like Dawkins and Sagan, are marginal to the scientific community for lack of significant scientific work. And possibly even more important is the fact that theologians (cf., Cupitt 1997) and professors of religious studies (cf., Mack 1996) are a far more prolific source of popular works of atheism.” ? Philip Andrew Quadrio, Carrol Besseling (2009). Politics and Religion in the New Century: Philosophical Reflections. Sydney University Press. “There is, therefore, a particular irony in the most recent spate of militant atheist attacks on the irrationality of religious belief (Dennett 2006; Dawkins 2006; Hitchens 2007; Harris 2004, 2007) which are, at the same time, the most conspicuous examples of slavish commitment to crude, popular ethnic stereotypes, combined with an almost delusional misrepresentation of the facts of recent history. These militant atheists use the rhetoric of critical rationality to wage ideological warfare, not just against religion, but against Muslims.” ? Michael Ruse (1999). Mystery of mysteries: is evolution a social construction?. Harvard University Press. “On reading Dawkins's more recent writings, where he has appointed himself the spokesman for militant atheism as well as militant Darwinism, one might be tempted to link the two.”  ? Michael Ruse (2009). Philosophy after Darwin: classic and contemporary readings. Princeton University Press. “To be sure, there are militant Darwinian atheists such as Richard Dawkins. But I see no reason to accept the claim of people like Dawkins that Darwinian science dictates atheism.” ? Sheiman 2009 p. 172. "Militant atheists like Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris go to great lengths in their books to relegate religion to the lowest cultural status while placing reason and science well above it. The portray science in idealized terms, untainted by commercial interests, political intrusions, and ethical conundrums. But when militant atheists portray religion, they critique every political and organizational misdeed that can be attributed to it. Militant atheists speak of organized religion, but not, correspondingly, of organized science. To be fair, militant atheists need to view religion in the same sanitized way as they view science – or understand science through the same lens of doubt and skepticism as they view religion.? Mark A. Kellner. Is Aggressive Atheism Ascending?. Adventist Review. Retrieved on 2011-03-05. “In his book, Dawkins likens philosopher Michael Ruse, a Florida State University philosophy professor who has worked on the creationism/evolution debate in public schools, to Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister best known for his appeasement policy toward Nazi Germany. Ruse, in turn, accuses "militant atheism" of not extending the same professional and academic courtesy to religion that it demands from others. Atheism's new dogmatic streak is not that different from the religious extremists it calls to task, Ruse said.” ? M. Paulli, Spoils split at 'Nibbie' awards ? Johann Harri in The Independent ? The Belief Trap: The evolutionary explanation of religion gets stuck. By Judith Shulevitz, Slate 8 March 2006. ? The New American Vol. 18, No. 15, 29 July 2002. ? The Tablet. Tablet Pub. Co. (2004). “As soon as her appointment was announced, Carmen Argibay told journalists she was a 'militant atheist' and in favour of relaxing the strict abortion laws. Her declarations were met with a barrage of criticism from Catholic media.”? The Catholic world report. Ignatius Press (2004). “Argentine President Nestor Kirchner has proposed Carmen Argibay, who has described herself as a "militant atheist" and proponent of legal abortion, to be a member of the Supreme Court.”? Blase DiStefano. "Foul-Mouthed and Funny", OutSmart, June 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. ? "Militant atheists: too clever for their own good" ? 159.0 159.1 Charles Moore. Militant atheists: too clever for their own good. The Telegraph. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “I feel that atheism may be acquiring precisely those characteristics that atheists so dislike about religion intolerance, dogmatism, righteousness, moral contempt for one's opponents. Dawkins also tells us that "there are very few atheists in prison". He suggests that "atheism is correlated with higher education, intelligence or reflectiveness, which might counteract criminal impulses". What begins to emerge – and it lurked strongly behind the anti-religion side of the Intelligence Squared debate – is the idea that atheism is an elite state, a superior order of being, a plane of enlightenment denied to thickoes.”  ? Raj Persaud. Holy visions elude scientists. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “So the BBC Science series Horizon took up the challenge by putting his hat to the ultimate test: could he get arch-sceptic and militant atheist Prof Richard Dawkins to start believing in God by electrically massaging his temporal lobes? Prof Dawkins, author of A Devil's Chaplain, was the ideal candidate for the latest test of whether science can now explain away religion, given his famously virulent views on religion, attacking it as a "virus of the mind" and an "infantile regression".”  ? Science versus Religion. Quadrant Magazine February 2007 ? Theo Hobson. Atheism is pretentious and cowardly. Retrieved on 10 March 2011. “God knocking is on the increase but the criticisms levelled at religion by militant atheists are often crude and short-sighted.”  ? http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Secular-Philosophies/Why-I-Am-Hostile-Toward-Religion.aspx ? Melanie Phillips (16 October 2008). The culture war for the White House. The Spectator. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “I see this financial breakdown, moreover, as being not merely a moral crisis but the monetary expression of the broader degradation of our values – the erosion of duty and responsibility to others in favour of instant gratification, unlimited demands repackaged as ‘rights’ and the loss of self-discipline. And the root cause of that erosion is ‘militant atheism’ which, in junking religion, has destroyed our sense of anything beyond our material selves and the here and now and, through such hyper-individualism, paved the way for the onslaught on bedrock moral values expressed through such things as family breakdown and mass fatherlessness, educational collapse, widespread incivility, unprecedented levels of near psychopathic violent crime, epidemic drunkenness and drug abuse, the repudiation of all authority, the moral inversion of victim culture, the destruction of truth and objectivity and a corresponding rise in credulousness in the face of lies and propaganda – and intimidation and bullying to drive this agenda into public policy.”? Decca Aitkenhead (3 April 2011 21.00 BST). AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-06-28. “Even if this is true, however, the atheist movement has been accused of shooting itself in the foot by adopting a tone so militant as to alienate potential supporters, and fortify the religious lobby.”? Peter C. Kent; John Francis Pollard (1994). Papal Diplomacy in the Modern Age. The Guardian. “Militant atheism must be resisted by the Church militant.”? 167.0 167.1 Simon Blackburn (5 March 2009). Divine Irony. Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved on 2007-12-31. “I suspect that many professional philosophers, including ones such as myself who have no religious beliefs at all, are slightly embarrassed, or even annoyed, by the voluble disputes between militant atheists and religious apologists... The annoyance comes partly because of the strong sense of deja vu. But it is not just that old tunes are being replayed, but that they are being replayed badly. The classic performance was given by David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion” ? (19 October 2009) The New Atheism and Secular Humanism. Center for Inquiry. “Paul Kurtz, considered by many the father of the secular humanist movement, is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo.”  ? 169.0 169.1 169.2 Kurtz 1994 p. 250 "Ranged against the true believer are the militant atheists, who adamantly reject the faith as false stupid, and reactionary. They consider all religious believers to be gullbile fools and claim that they are given to accepting gross exaggerations and untenable premises. Historic religious claims, they think, are totally implausbile, unbelievable, disreputable, and controvertible, for they go beyond the bounds of reason. Militant atheists can find no value at all to any religious beliefs or institutions. They resist any effort to engage in inquiry or debate. Madalyn Murray O'Hair is as arrogant in her rejection of religion as is the true believer in his or her profession of faith. This form of atheism thus becomes mere dogma.? Catherine Fahringer, The militant atheist, Freethought Today, October 1997. ? Ken Klukowski (28 July 2011 5:25 PM). Court dismisses militant atheists' federal suit against Texas Gov. Rick Perry. The Washington Examiner. Retrieved on 31 July 2011. “A militant atheist group, the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF), filed a federal lawsuit to prevent Perry from being involved in the event.” ? Decca Aitkenhead (3 April 2011 21.00 BST). AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-06-28. “Well, firstly, I think the charges of militancy and fundamentalism of course come from our opponents, the theists. My rejoinder is to say when the boot was on their foot they burned us at the stake. All we're doing is speaking very frankly and bluntly and they don't like it," he laughs.” ? Decca Aitkenhead (3 April 2011 21.00 BST). AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-06-28. “"And besides, really," he adds with a withering little laugh, "how can you be a militant atheist? How can you be militant non-stamp collector? This is really what it comes down to. You just don't collect stamps. So how can you be a fundamentalist non-stamp collector?” ? Oliver Burkeman (5 April 2011). On “militant atheists”. Retrieved on 12 July 2011. “Grayling’s argument is a close cousin of another one that’s annoyingly common in the otherwise sensible atheist/rationalist/skeptic/anti-pseudoscience movements: the implication that if you’re arguing from a position of scientific rationalism, you must be motivated by nothing but a dispassionate quest for the truth...What distinguishes the two sides isn’t that the rationalist one is dispassionate, but that it happens to be right. If you go around promoting your position that it’s best for people not to believe in gods, via public speaking or books or vigorous debates down the pub, you are a) actively promoting a position and b) doing so for some inner psychological reason other than the mere fact that there isn’t a god. You have an ulterior motive. That’s not a criticism: everyone always does. But you’re not just not collecting stamps.”Militant Atheism: the World-Wide Propaganda of Communism by Michel d' Herbigny. Publisher: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1933) ASIN: B0008BM36U New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism by Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. Publisher: Pennsylvania State University Press (November 2002) ISBN 978-0271022185 Nietzsche and Soviet Culture: Ally and Adversary (Cambridge Studies in Russian Literature) various authors edited by Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0521452816 What the God-seekers found in Nietzsche: The Reception of Nietzsches Übermensch by the Philosophers of the Russian Religious Renaissance. (Studies in Slavic Literature & Poetics) by Nel Grillaert. Publisher: Rodopi (October 22, 2008) ISBN 978-9042024809 Stalin's Holy War Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945 by Steven Merritt Miner. Copyright 2002 by the University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0-8078-2736-3 Nietzsche in Russia Publisher by Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. Princeton Univ Pr ISBN 978-0691102092 Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical by Chris Matthew Sciabarra. Publisher: Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0271014415 The Returns of History: Russian Nietzscheans After Modernity by Dragan Kujundzic. Publisher: State University of New York Press ISBN 978-0791432341 A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, by Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312381328 Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions (History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 2),Dimitry Pospielovsky, (November, 1987), Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312009054 Soviet Studies on the Church and the Believer's Response to Atheism: A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 3, Dimitry Pospielovsky, (August, 1988), Palgrave Macmillan, hardcover: ISBN 0312012918, paperback edition: ISBN 0312012926 Great Soviet encyclopedia, ed. A. M. Prokhorov (New York: Macmillan, London: Collier Macmillan, 1974–1983) 31 volumes, three volumes of indexes. The Russian Church and the Soviet State by John Shelton Curtiss, 1917–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless by Daniel Peris Cornell University Press 1998 ISBN 9780801434853 Sacred causes : the clash of religion and politics from the Great War to the War on Terror by Michael Burleigh Paperback: 576 pages Publisher: Harper Perennial (March 11, 2008) ISBN 978-0060580964 Religious and anti-religious thought in Russia By George Louis Kline The Weil Lectures Published in 1968, University Press (Chicago) "Godless Communists": Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia 1917–1932. by William B. Husband DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 2000. Pp. xviii, 241. $36.00. A History of Russia. Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Mark D. Steinberg. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, 800 pages. ISBN 0195153944 Walter Kolarz, How Russia is Ruled, London, Batchworth Press, 1953, pgs. 83-87, "The League of Militant Godless "

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